Experimental study on wake flow structures of screen cylinders using PIV

Experiments were conducted in a water flume using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) to study the evolution of the vortical structures in the wakes of four types of screen cylinders at a Reynolds number of about 3200. The results were compared with that of a bare cylinder. The screen cylinders were made of stainless steel screen meshes of various porosities (37%, 48%, 61% and 67%) rolled into cylindrical shapes. Smoke wire flow visualisations in a wind tunnel were also conducted in support of the PIV tests. Depending on the porosity of the screen mesh, two vortex formation mechanisms for the screen cylinder wakes were identified. One was associated with wake instability and the other was associated with shear-layer (Kelvin-Helmholtz) convective instability which involved merging through pairing and tripling of small-scale vortices within the shear layers. The former was responsible for the formation of large-scale vortices in the bare cylinder and the screen cylinder wakes with 37% and 48% porosities, while the latter was responsible for the screen cylinder wakes with 61% and 67% porosities. The results also showed that with increasing porosity, the vortex formation region was extended farther downstream and the Reynolds shear stress, the Turbulent Kinetic Energy (TKE) and vortex intensity were decreased constantly.     

基于LBM方法的风力发电机尾流结构仿真

针对传统CFD数值计算方法难以实现风力机动态旋转及其旋转状态下的流固耦合计算,本文结合格子玻尔兹曼(LBM)方法易于处理动态复杂边界的特点及大涡模拟(LES)方法在非稳态涡流结构捕捉上的优势,采用LBM-LES联合方法进行三维风力发电机整机气动性能及尾流结构仿真研究,同时采用尺度自适应方法对尾涡结构进行跟踪和精细化计算。针对NREL PhaseⅥ型试验机进行模拟,得到了与实验结果吻合的流动形态及尾流结构演变规律,分析了尾流区速度演变规律并对比了不同亚格子湍流模型对计算结果的影响.     

Fine structure of a stratified flow near a flat-plate surface

The pattern of disturbances arising during the motion of a strip along a horizontal surface in a continuously stratified fluid with identified upstream and attached internal waves, boundary layers, and edge singularities is calculated in the liner approximation. The flow pattern behind a flat plate moving with a constant velocity in a continuously stratified fluid is studied with the use of the optical schlieren technique; transformation of waves and finely structured elements of the flow with increasing plate velocity is analyzed. The calculated and experimentally observed patterns of internal waves at low velocities are demonstrated to be in good agreement. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 48, No. 6, pp. 77–91, November–December, 2007.     

圆柱绕流尾迹中相干结构对湍流特性的影响

实验研究了圆柱尾迹中相干结构对湍流平均量的影响.用一个X热线在距离圆柱体y/d=4测量参考信号,用X热线和冷线相结合的三线探头测量从x/d=10～40的圆柱绕流尾迹中的速度和温度脉动,用条件平均的方法研充圆柱绕流近尾迹中的相干结构,并对相干结构对动量和热量的湍流输运过程的影响进行初步分析.结果表明:相干结构对尾迹中速度的横向脉动影响最大;相干结构对湍流参数的影响随x/d的变化明显.该工作还对相干结构引起的湍动能产生率变成负和逆温度梯度输运现象做了定性的解释.     

求解脉动速度关联函数的新方法及其在平面湍尾流中的应用

将周培源给出的平面湍尾流的一级近似解作为已知量,代入湍流脉动速度方程中,在微尺度范围内,采用谱方法对该方程进行数值求解,得到了和实验结果符合的二阶、三阶、四阶脉动速度关联函数的计算结果。     

旋翼尾流与地面干扰时地面涡现象的研究

用Ｎ－Ｓ方程对近地飞行时旋翼尾流与地面干扰时产生的地面涡现象进行了数值计算旋翼对流场的作用由分布在特定区域内的动量源项模拟结果表明，旋翼尾流撞到地面后的卷起和轴向流动的拉伸作用是形成地面涡的原因；地面边界层形成的二次分离涡向地面涡内输入（与尾流所携带的涡量）相反的涡量，而使地面涡保持平衡；地面涡的存在和运动使旋翼附近流场大大改变     

Drag Reduction of a Circular Cylinder Using an Upstream Rod

Experimental studies on the drag reduction of the circular cylinder were conducted by pressure measurement at a Reynolds number of 82 000 (based on the cylinder diameter). A rod was placed upstream of and parallel to the cylinder to control the flow around the cylinder. The upstream rod can reduce the resultant force of the cylinder at various spacing between the rod and the cylinder for α < 5^∘(α defined as the staggered angle of the rod and the cylinder). For α > 10^∘, the resultant force coefficient has a large value, so the upstream rod cannot reduce the force on the cylinder any more. For α = 0^∘ and d/D = 0.5 (where d and D are the diameter of the rod and the cylinder, respectively), the maximum drag of the cylinder reduces to 2.34% that of the single cylinder. The mechanism of the drag reduction of the cylinder with an upstream rod in tandem was presented by estimating the local contributions to the drag reduction of the pressure variation. In the staggered arrangement, the flow structures have five flow patterns (they are the cavity mode, the wake splitting mode, the wake merge mode, the weak boundary layer interaction mode and the negligible interaction mode) according to the pressure distribution and the hydrogen bubble flow visualization. The half plane upwind of the cylinder can be divided to four regions, from which one can easily estimates the force acting on the circular cylinder with an upstream rod in staggered arrangement.     

圆柱尾流的绝对不稳定性

在水槽和低湍流度水洞中进行亚临界雷诺数圆柱尾流稳定性实验来流速度由零缓慢增长到一定值后保持不变,稳定足够长时间后,在流向某站位处给流场一个有限幅值的脉冲扰动,测量扰动前后相当长时间内下游尾流速度信号的变化情况当雷诺数处于高亚临界值时,未受扰动的尾流速度脉动很小,处于定常状态,但对近尾流进行脉冲扰动后,能够激发出不衰减的旋涡脱落发现扰动位置限制在圆柱后一定范围内才能有效,再往下游则扰动随时间衰减．说明圆柱近尾流中存在一个绝对不稳定区,在该区域内的扰动将在当地放大,经过复杂的演化,最后形成不衰减的旋涡脱落.     

绕旋转圆柱流动涡尾流结构和临界状态特性

采用作者提出的基于区域分解，有限差分法与涡法杂交的数值方法，结合高阶隐式差分格式，和以修正的不完全ＬＵ分解为预处理器的共轭梯度法作求解器，系统地研究了雷诺数Ｒｅ＝１０００，旋转速度比α∈（０．５，３．２５）范围内，绕旋转圆柱从突然起到充分发展，长时间内尾流旋涡结构和阻力，升力系数的变化规律，计算所得流动图案与实验流场显示符合很好。数值试验证帝了临界状态的存在，并首次给出了临界状态时的旋涡结构特性。     

NUMERICAL STUDY OF PARTICLE DISTRIBUTION IN WAKE OF LIQUID-PARTICLE FLOWS PAST A CIRCULAR CYLINDER USING DISCRETE VORTEX METHOD

Particle-laden water flows past a circular cylinder were numerically investigated. The discrete vortex method (DVM) was employed to evaluate the unsteady water flow fields and a Lagrangian approach was applied for tracking individual solid particles. A dispersion function was defined to represent the dispersion scale of the particle. The wake vortex patterns, the distributions and the time series of dispersion functions of particles with different Stokes numbers were obtained. Numerical results show that the particle distribution in the wake of the circular cylinder is closely related to the particle's Stokes number and the structure of wake vortices: (1) the intermediate sized particles with Stokes numbers, St, of 0.25, 1.0 and 4.0 can not enter the vortex cores and concentrate near the peripheries of the vortex structures, (2) in the circular cylinder wake, the dispersion intensity of particles decreases as St is increased from 0.25 to 4.0.