Controlled Reduction of Carboxamides to Alcohols or Amines by Zinc Hydrides

New protocols for controlled reduction of carboxamides to either alcohols or amines were established using a combination of sodium hydride (NaH) and zinc halides (ZnX₂). Use of a different halide on ZnX₂ dictates the selectivity, wherein the NaH‐ZnI₂ system delivers alcohols and NaH‐ZnCl₂ gives amines. Extensive mechanistic studies by experimental and theoretical approaches imply that polymeric zinc hydride (ZnH₂)_∞ is responsible for alcohol formation, whereas dimeric zinc chloride hydride (H?Zn?Cl)₂ is the key species for the production of amines.     

Mg-N阴阳离子共掺杂SnO2的第一性原理研究

基于密度泛函理论,利用第一性原理计算Mg-N阴阳离子双受主共掺杂SnO₂的电子结构、电荷密度分布和缺陷形成能.Mg、N分别取代SnO₂晶体中的Sn和O,掺杂浓度分别为4.17at;、2.08at;,Mg-N键之间的共价性明显高于Sn-O键,富氧条件下,Mg-N共掺杂的缺陷形成能为2.67 eV,有利于进行有效的受主替代掺杂.Mg单受主掺杂SnO₂时,增加了带隙宽度,费米能级进入价带,Mg-N共掺杂SnO₂时,带隙窄化,表现出明显的p型导电类型.     

Direct Observation of Aggregation-Induced Emission Mechanism

The mechanism of aggregation-induced emission, which overcomes the common aggregation-caused quenching problem in organic optoelectronics, is revealed by monitoring the real time structural evolution and dynamics of electronic excited state with frequency and polarization resolved ultrafast UV/IR spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. The formation of Woodward–Hoffmann cyclic intermediates upon ultraviolet excitation is observed in dilute solutions of tetraphenylethylene and its derivatives but not in their respective solid. The ultrafast cyclization provides an efficient nonradiative relaxation pathway through crossing a conical intersection. Without such a reaction mechanism, the electronic excitation is preserved in the molecular solids and the molecule fluoresces efficiently, aided by the very slow intermolecular charge and energy transfers due to the well separated molecular packing arrangement. The mechanisms can be general for tuning the properties of chromophores in different phases for various important applications.     

光催化还原二氧化碳全反应的研究进展

通过光催化将二氧化碳(CO₂)还原为可持续的绿色太阳能燃料是同时解决环境问题和能源危机的极具前景的方案.尽管迄今为止已经进行了广泛的研究,但实现高转化率、高选择性和高稳定性的光催化二氧化碳还原仍有许多障碍.如将水作为电子供体而非牺牲试剂,能够使反应的吉布斯自由能变ΔG>0,这对于真正实现理想化的人工光合作用至关重要,但同时也会为光催化还原CO₂体系带来更多的挑战.我们首先简要介绍了光催化还原CO₂的机理与挑战,而后根据目前光催化还原CO₂在无牺牲剂体系中出现的问题总结了对应的策略以及最新的研究进展,包括能带结构的调整、助催化剂的负载、异质结的构建、 MOFs与COFs材料的设计等方面,最后对目前仍未解决的问题以及未来实现工业化应用的阻碍进行了总结.     

Zincophilic Interfacial Manipulation against Dendrite Growth and Side Reactions for Stable Zn Metal Anodes

Constructing multifunctional interphases to suppress the rampant Zn dendrite growth and detrimental side reactions is crucial for Zn anodes. Herein, a phytic acid (PA)-ZnAl coordination compound is demonstrated as a versatile interphase layer to stabilize Zn anodes. The zincophilic PA-ZnAl layer can manipulate Zn²⁺ flux and promote rapid desolvation kinetics, ensuring the uniform Zn deposition with dendrite-free morphology. Moreover, the robust PA-ZnAl protective layer can effectively inhibit the hydrogen evolution reaction and formation of byproducts, further contributing to the reversible Zn plating/stripping with high Coulombic efficiency. As a result, the Zn@PA-ZnAl electrode shows a lower Zn nucleation overpotential and higher Zn²⁺ transference number compared with bare Zn. The Zn@PA-ZnAl symmetric cell exhibits a prolonged lifespan of 650 h tested at 5 mA cm⁻² and 5 mAh cm⁻². Furthermore, the assembled Zn battery full cell based on this Zn@PA-ZnAl anode also delivers decent cycling stability even under harsh conditions.     

Design of a Fully Non-Fused Bulk Heterojunction toward Efficient and Low-Cost Organic Photovoltaics

To modulate the miscibility between donor and acceptor materials both possessing fully non-fused ring structures, a series of electron acceptors (A4T-16, A4T-31 and A4T-32) with different polar functional substituents were synthesized and investigated. The three acceptors show good planarity, high conformational stability, complementary absorption and energy levels with the non-fused polymer donor (PTVT-BT). Among them, A4T-32 possesses the strongest polar functional group and shows the highest surface energy, which facilitates morphological modulation in the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) blend. Benefiting from the proper morphology control method, an impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) of approaching 16.0 % and a superior fill factor over 0.795 are achieved in the PTVT-BT : A4T-32-based organic photovoltaic cells with superior photoactive materials price advantage, which represent the highest value for the cells based on the non-fused blend films. Notably, this cell maintains ≈84 % of its initial PCE after nearly 2000 h under the continuous simulated 1-sun-illumination. In addition, the flexible PTVT-BT : A4T-32-based cells were fabricated and delivered a decent PCE of 14.6 %. This work provides an effective molecular design strategy for the non-fused non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) from the aspect of bulk morphology control in fully non-fused BHJ layers, which is crucial for their practical applications.     

Cyclodextrin-NH-MIL-53 open tubular stationary phase for capillary electrochromatography enantioseparation

A novel chiral group functionalized metal-organic framework, Cyclodextrin-NH-MIL-53, was synthesized and modified on the inner wall of a capillary column via a post-synthetic process. The prepared chiral metal-organic framework was utilized as a chiral capillary stationary phase and used in an open-tubular capillary electrochromatography method to enantioseparate several racemic amino acids. Excellent enantioseparation of five pairs of enantiomers was obtained in this chiral separation system (Resolutions of D/L-Alanine = 16.844, D/L-Cysteine = 3.617, D/L-Histidine = 9.513, D/L-Phenylalanine = 8.133, and D/L-Tryptophan = 2.778). The prepared Cyclodextrin-NH-MIL-53 and the Cyclodextrin-NH-MIL-53-based capillary columns were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourie-transform infrared spectroscopy, and circular dichroism. The chiral capillary electrochromatography conditions, such as separation conditions, amount of Cyclodextrin-NH-MIL-53, and electroosmotic flow, were optimized. This research is estimated to present a novel insight and method for the design and use of metal-organic framework-based capillaries for enantioseparation.     

铜催化烯烃氰烷基化成环合成含氰吲哚酮

发展一种简单、高效的铜催化活泼烯烃氰烷基化成环合成吲哚酮的方法。 在CuI/DTBP(叔丁基过氧化物)催化作用下, N-芳基丙烯酰胺类化合物与α-氰基偶氮试剂发生自由基环化反应, 高效地合成了一系列含α-氰基季碳中心的吲哚酮, 并探讨了其反应机理。 该方法底物适用范围较广、反应体系温和, 催化体系廉价。     

表面解吸常压化学电离质谱法直接分析牙齿微区表面

采用纳升取样表面解吸常压化学电离质谱法(nano-SDAPCI-MS)结合主成分分析(PCA),建立了一种采用具有微米级针尖的金属取样针直接对龋齿不同部位取样并进行快速质谱分析的方法.数据分析结果表明,同一颗龋齿不同部位的质谱指纹谱图之间存在差异;在不需要样品预处理的前提下通过串联质谱快速测定了龋齿中的乳酸、丙酮酸、苯乙酸和丙酸等成分.采用PCA方法可较好地将龋齿病灶位置与邻近正常组织进行区分,也可对不同牙病及健康牙齿进行区分.本方法可方便地对牙齿进行直接微区分析,为鉴别牙齿疾病及观测治疗效果提供了一种快速、简单的方法,为生物体中微细部位的快速取样及直接质谱分析提供了一种可能的解决方案.     

碳自掺杂石墨相氮化碳纳米片的制备及其在可见光照射下的光解水产氢性能

石墨相氮化碳(g?C3N4)由于具有对可见光吸收范围较窄和光生载流子分离效率低等缺陷,其光解水产氢活性较差。我们采用简单的一步热共聚法,以尿素和2,4,6?三氨基嘧啶(TAPD)混合物为前驱物,制备碳自掺杂纳米片(CNNS?x,x mg代表掺入TAPD的质量)。X射线衍射(XRD)、元素分析(EA)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等测试结果表明,来自TAPD的嘧啶环成功引入g?C3N4共轭体系中,使所得的CNNS?x具有较窄的带隙,较快的光生载流子迁移速率,从而提高其对可见光的吸收效率和光生载流子的分离效率。得益于此,CNNS?x在可见光照射下表现出较好的光解水产氢活性。特别是CNNS?30具有最佳光解水性能,其产氢速率可达57.6μmol·h-1,是g?C3N4纳米片(CNNS)的4倍。