大分子不饱和单体法合成具有核壳结构的丙烯酸酯/聚氨酯乳液及表征

采用丙烯酸酯（AC）对水性聚氨酯（WPU）进行改性,合成了接枝型丙烯酸酯/聚氨酯(PUA)复合乳液。 随着共聚物中丙烯酸酯质量分数的增加,乳液外观由透明变为不透明,乳液粒径随之增大、分布变宽。 TEM显示,PUA乳胶粒子呈现清晰的核壳结构,且形态规整,粒径分布在60~120 nm之间。 FTIR测试表明,随着丙烯酸酯质量分数的增加,聚氨酯(PU)硬段氢键化作用先增强后减弱,硬段的有序度逐渐降低。 DSC分析表明,当AC的质量分数低于75%时,PU、聚丙烯酸酯(PA)两组分相容性较好,只出现一个玻璃化转变温度,并且随着PA质量分数的增加逐渐升高。 PA质量分数的增加,使胶膜的最大热失重速率从363 ℃提高至412 ℃,吸水率从11.3%降低至5.7%,弹性模量从16.4 MPa提高至47.6 MPa,拉伸强度从9.0 MPa提高至23.7 MPa,断裂伸长率从365%提高至408%,同时乳液的粘度下降,干燥时间变短,胶膜的附着力变好。     

应力脉冲在SHPB实验中弥散效应的数值模拟与频谱分析

在评判不同材料的整形器对加载波形的改进效果的应用背景下,对比研究了不同形态的应力脉冲在霍普金森压杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar,SHPB)中的弥散效应。利用有限元软件LS-DYNA建立了杆件的三维有限元模型,在杆端分别施加矩形、三角形和半正弦形的应力脉冲,分析了波形振荡、前沿升时和应力峰值随传播距离的变化规律,并运用频谱分析的方法进行了理论解释。结果表明:三角应力脉冲和半正弦应力脉冲在各个方面都比传统的矩形应力脉冲表现出了更小的弥散效应;半正弦应力脉冲在传播过程中比三角应力脉冲更能控制其形态,能有效地减少弥散效应,提高Φ100mm SHPB实验精度,是岩石类非均质材料的理想加载波形;频谱分析的方法能从理论方面有效地解释应力脉冲信号在SHPB实验中的弥散现象。由此可见,波形整形设计的理想目标为具有较宽历时的半正弦应力脉冲。     

吡啶离子液体与水混合体系中蒽醌-2-磺酸钠的激光闪光光解机理

利用激光闪光光解技术研究了蒽醌-2-磺酸钠(AQS)在吡啶离子液体N-丁基吡啶四氟硼酸盐([BPy][BF₄])与水(H₂O)混合体系中的光化学反应过程. 实验结果表明,AQS的激发三重态(³AQS^*) 会与H₂O快速反应,不断增加[BPy][BF₄]在混合体系中的体积比(V_IL),瞬态吸收光谱发生了很大变化. 510 nm附近的瞬态吸收带变化最大,在0< V_IL< 0.1时,吸光度会随着[BPy][BF₄]的增加而增加;而在V_IL>0.1时,吸光度则随着比例的增加而减小. 然而380 nm附近吸收带的吸光度却一直在增加. 通过拟合近似地得到了瞬态物种B和³AQS^*的表观动力学参数. 另外还讨论了³AQS^* 与阳离子之间的夺氢反应,通过对350~420 nm处光谱图的分析,推断出这一范围的瞬态吸收光谱是³AQS^*与AQSH^·的叠加谱. 在混合体系中,³AQS^*分别与H₂O和[BPy][BF₄]的反应是一对竞争反应. 还发现在高浓度的离子液体环境下,体系的整体反应速率会减弱.     

Accurate and rapid error estimation on global gravitational field from current GRACE and future GRACE Follow-On missions

Firstly, the new combined error model of cumulative geoid height influenced by four error sources, including the inter-satellite range-rate of an interferometric laser (K-band) ranging system, the orbital position and velocity of a global positioning system (GPS) receiver and non-conservative force of an accelerometer, is established from the perspectives of the power spectrum principle in physics using the semi-analytical approach. Secondly, the accuracy of the global gravitational field is accurately and rapidly estimated based on the combined error model; the cumulative geoid height error is 1.985× 10^-1~m at degree 120 based on GRACE Level 1B measured observation errors of the year 2007 published by the US Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), and the cumulative geoid height error is 5.825× 10^ - 2~m at degree 360 using GRACE Follow-On orbital altitude 250~km and inter-satellite range 50 km. The matching relationship of accuracy indexes from GRACE Follow-On key payloads is brought forward, and the dependability of the combined error model is validated. Finally, the feasibility of high-accuracy and high-resolution global gravitational field estimation from GRACE Follow-On is demonstrated based on different satellite orbital altitudes.     

Analysis of thermal conductivity in tree-like branched networks

Asymmetric tree-like branched networks are explored by geometric algorithms. Based on the network, an analysis of the thermal conductivity is presented. The relationship between effective thermal conductivity and geometric structures is obtained by using the thermal-electrical analogy technique. In all studied cases, a clear behaviour is observed, where angle (δ ,θ ) among parent branching extended lines, branches and parameter of the geometric structures have stronger effects on the effective thermal conductivity. When the angle δ is fixed, the optical diameter ratio β^* is dependent on angle θ . Moreover, γ and m are not related to β ^* . The longer the branch is, the smaller the effective thermal conductivity will be. It is also found that when the angle θ < δ / 2, the higher the iteration m is, the lower the thermal conductivity will be and it tends to zero, otherwise, it is bigger than zero. When the diameter ratio β ₁< 0.707 and angle δ is bigger, the optimal k of the perfect ratio increases with the increase of the angle δ ; when β ₁> 0.707, the optimal k decreases. In addition, the effective thermal conductivity is always less than that of single channel material. The present results also show that the effective thermal conductivity of the asymmetric tree-like branched networks does not obey Murray's law.     

点籽晶法快速生长中等口径KDP单晶及其性能表征

本文使用德国MERCK公司生产的KDP原料和自行研制的晶体快速生长装置,采用"点籽晶"快速生长法成功生长出了150 mm级中等口径的KDP单晶,晶体生长速度达到20 mm/d.晶体生长过程中,生长溶液稳定,没有杂晶出现,生长的晶体完好且透明.X射线粉末衍射和摇摆曲线分析表明晶体有着较好的结构完整性;同时,测试了晶体的透过光谱和光损伤阈值,发现快速生长的晶体有着较好的光学性能.     

Two-dimensional discrete mathematical model of tumor-induced angiogenesis

A 2D discrete mathematical model of a nine-point finite difference scheme is built to simulate tumor-induced angiogenesis. Nine motion directions of an individual endothelial cell and two parent vessels are extended in the present model. The process of tumor-induced angiogenesis is performed by coupling random motility, chemotaxis, and haptotaxis of endothelial cell in different mechanical environments inside and outside the tumor. The results show that nearly realistic tumor microvascular networks with neoplastic pathophysiological characteristics can be generated from the present model. Moreover, the theoretical capillary networks generated in numerical simulations of the discrete model may provide useful information for further clinical research.     

某抽水蓄能电站地下洞室围岩岩体质量特征分析

考虑材料的黏性效应建立了II型动态扩展裂纹尖端的力学模型,假设黏性 系数与塑性等效应变率的幂次成反比,通过分析使尖端场的弹、黏、塑性得到合理匹配,并 给出边界条件作为扩展裂纹定解的补充条件,对理想塑性材料中平面应变扩展裂纹尖端场进 行了弹黏塑性渐近分析,得到了不含间断的连续解,并讨论了II型裂纹数值解的性质随各参 数的变化规律. 分析表明应力和应变均具有幂奇异性,对于II型裂纹,裂尖场不含弹性卸载 区. 引入Airy应力函数,求得了II型准静态裂纹尖端场的控制方程,并进行了数值分析, 给出了裂纹尖端的应力应变场. 当裂纹扩展速度($M\to 0$)趋于零时,动态解趋 于准静态解,表明准静态解是动态解的特殊形式.     

曙红催化的缩醛化反应研究

以醇溶性曙红为催化剂,在温和条件下高效催化缩醛化反应,该催化体系适应于不同种类的脂肪醛或芳香醛与短链一元醇或二元醇的羰醇缩合反应,于室温反应24 h,缩醛化产物收率58%~99%,其结构经¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR和HR-MS确证。     

基于鲁棒滤波的无人机着陆相对导航方法

针对无人机在移动平台上进行起降时的相对导航问题,提出了一种基于鲁棒高阶容积滤波的惯导/视觉相对导航方法。建立了相对导航系统模型,基于无人机与移动平台之间的相对运动给出了系统的相对惯导方程,并针对系统中传感器的量测特性给出了导航敏感器的测量方程。针对相对导航系统非线性较强且量测噪声不符合高斯分布等问题,在高阶容积滤波的基础上,结合Huber-based量测更新方程,设计了鲁棒高阶容积滤波相对导航滤波器,该方法具有较高的估计精度,且对混合高斯噪声有鲁棒性。相对姿态采用四元数表示,为保证四元数的归一化,在设计相对导航滤波器时采用修正的罗德里格斯参数表示姿态误差。仿真结果表明,该方法可以准确地给出无人机与移动平台之间的相对位置、速度和姿态信息,且估计精度高于扩展卡尔曼滤波、Huber-Based滤波以及高阶容积卡尔曼滤波。