微波辐射合成乙酸异戊酯的工艺研究

微波辐射下以乙酸与异戊醇为原料,硫酸为催化剂合成出乙酸异戊酯,经红外光谱等表征产物是乙酸异戊酯。考察了微波作用时间、异戊醇和乙酸的摩尔比和微波功率对反应产率的影响;还通过L9(34)正交试验,确定合成乙酸异戊酯的最佳条件是异戊醇和乙酸的摩尔比为1∶3.0、微波作用时间14 min、微波功率500 W;在最优条件下的重复实验,平均产量92.6%,实验重复性好,收率较高。     

A facile approach to synthesize a “star-like” material based on β-cyclodextrin for enhancing the flowability of paraffinic oils

A novel compound, which exhibits “star-like” architecture and is expected to be a promising flow improver for paraffinic oils, was presented in the current work. This material was facilely synthesized based on β-cyclodextrin molecule via a catalytic esterification procedure under mild experiment conditions. The chemical formation was characterized by FT-IR, ¹H-NMR, and elemental analysis, respectively. The experimental data revealed that each β-cyclodextrin was attached by approximately seven C14 chains. This type of architecture is supposed to be appropriate to co-crystallize with paraffin melocules through taking the place of a paraffin in crystal lattic and thus disperse the agglomeration of wax crystals. This hypothesis was verified through a yield stress test and rheological analysis. It was observed that after treatment with this compound, the paraffinic oil yielded at a much lower stress value compared to the untreated oil. Moreover, a significant shift of the apparent viscosity vs. temperature curve to the left field occurred. These results demonstrated the capacity of this synthesized compound in enhancing the flowability of paraffinic oils.     

含不同烷基链四苯基丁二烯衍生物的聚集诱导发光及力致变色性能

设计合成了带有不同长度烷基链、不同极性取代基的四苯基丁二烯(TPB)衍生物TPB-COOCH₃-1~6和TPB-COOH-1~6, 目标化合物均具有显著的聚集诱导发光(AIE)特性及较高的固态荧光量子效率. 烷基链长及取代基极性都会影响目标化合物在聚集时分子排列及分子运动的受限程度, 从而调控其AIE行为. 带有羧酸甲酯的TPB-COOCH₃-1~6中, 丙基取代的TPB-COOCH₃-3在四氢呋喃/水(THF/H₂O)体系中荧光发射增强最为显著; 而羧基取代的TPB-COOH-1~6中, 因亲水性增加, 己基取代的TPB-COOH-6荧光强度增加的倍数最大; 并且, TPB-COOH系列化合物荧光增强的倍数明显低于相同烷基取代的甲酯衍生物TPB-COOCH₃. 此外, 牛血清白蛋白、人血清白蛋白和带有羧基的AIE化合物掺杂时明显影响其固态时的发光及其力致变色性质, 尤其是研磨后会明显提高其荧光强度.     

晶态咔唑基有机室温磷光材料

自2008年咔唑的有机室温磷光(Organic Room-Temperature Phosphorescence, ORTP)被证实后,以咔唑单元构建ORTP材料成为一种行之有效的方法,并发展出一系列结构多样、性能优异、应用广泛、极具代表性的ORTP材料体系。本文首先总结了改善ORTP材料磷光性能的三种策略,即H-聚集体、重原子效应和给受体结构。在此基础上,系统梳理了晶态咔唑类有机室温磷光材料的研究进展,介绍了通过上述三种策略,抑制三重态松弛、增强自旋轨道耦合,以及减小单重态-三重态能级差、增强分子间电荷转移相互作用力,从而稳定三重激发态、增加系间窜越速率、促进磷光发射,最终实现长寿命高效率晶态咔唑类ORTP材料。最后,介绍了ORTP材料在防伪、信息安全和生物成像等领域的应用。     

The AIEE properties and solid state fluorescence of 3-indolyl-4-indazolyl maleimide compounds: Synthesis and fluorescence characteristics

A range of 3-indolyl-4-indazolyl maleimide fluorescent compounds, including 2a, 2b, 2c, 3a and 3b, were synthesized efficiently. In different organic dissolvents, the photo-physical performance was checked, either in the aggregated state or in the solid state. When being in solid and in solution state, these fluorescent compounds showed high fluorescent intensity, indicating a highest fluorescence quantum efficiency of 45% accompanying a large Stokes Shift longer than 100 nm in toluene. Also, they can carry out a phenomenon of aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE). TDDFT and DFT calculations were used to confirm the experimental findings.     

Improving singlet oxygen generating abilities of phthalocyanines: aluminum tetrasulfonated phthalocyanine in the presence of graphene quantum dots and folic acid

Glutathione-capped graphene quantum dots (GQDs@GSH) were covalently linked to folic acid (FA). Aluminum tetrasulfonated phthalocyanine (ClAlTSPc) was then adsorbed on the GQDs@GSH-FA conjugate to form GQDs@GSH-FA/ClAlTSPc or on GQDs@GSH and pristine GQDs alone to form GQDs@GSH/ClAlTSPc and GQDs/ClAlTSPc, respectively. We report for the first time on the photophysicochemical behavior of the resulting nanoconjugates. The fluorescence quantum yields of pristine GQDs, GQDS@GSH, or GQDs@GSH-FA conjugate were quenched upon non-covalent interaction (π–π) with ClAlTSPc. There was an increase in triplet quantum yields from 0.38 for ClAlTSPc alone to 0.60, 0.75, and 0.73 when ClAlTSPc was linked to pristine GQDs, GQDs@GSH, and GQDs@GSH-FA, respectively. The singlet oxygen quantum yields also increased from 0.37 for ClAlTSPc alone to 0.42 (for ClALTSPc with pristine GQDs), 0.52 (for ClAlTSPc with GQDs@GSH), and 0.54 (for ClAlTSPc with GQDs@GSH-FA). Thus, the present work may lead to a new generation of carbon-based nanomaterial photodynamic therapy agents with overall performance superior to conventional agents in terms of singlet oxygen generation, water dispersibility, and biocompatibility.     

气体辐射太赫兹波产额与驱动激光强度的依赖关系

利用光电流模型研究了气体辐射太赫兹波产额与驱动激光峰值强度的依赖关系.模拟表明,无论是单色激光脉冲还是双色激光场,当激光较弱时,太赫兹产额随着激光强度的增加而迅速增大;而当气体电离接近或达到饱和后,进一步增强激光场强度,太赫兹产额出现了振荡变化.与通常采用较弱激光强度相比,更高的激光强度(致使气体达到完全电离)会进一步增强太赫兹波的辐射强度.分析各个电离事件所产生电子的个数和运动轨迹的对称性,可以很好地解释这些结果.     

Pd单原子/团簇高效催化铃木偶联反应

铃木偶联反应是合成聚烯烃、苯乙烯和联苯衍生物等功能性有机化合物的有力工具,广泛应用于精细化工、制药和生化工业领域.钯(Pd)基催化剂是目前性能最好的铃木偶联反应催化剂,但钯的低丰度和高成本限制了其大规模应用.因此,提高Pd原子的利用效率,降低Pd用量至关重要.减小金属纳米粒子的尺寸,使其成为小团簇甚至孤立的金属原子是实现金属原子高利用率的有效方法之一.此外,与纳米晶体相比,高度分散的Pd原子和具有低配位和不饱和构型的亚纳米团簇可能会导致催化活性位点数量增加,进而提升Pd基催化剂的性能.然而,高表面自由能使得合成高度分散的Pd单原子和亚纳米团簇变得困难,因此,如何制备具有优异铃木偶联反应催化性能的Pd单原子/团簇催化剂是一个极具挑战性的课题.本文开发了一种溶液快速退火(SRA)工艺来稳定氮掺杂介孔碳负载的Pd单原子/团簇(Pd/NMC),制得的催化剂表现出较好的催化铃木偶联反应性能.透射电子显微镜结果表明,所制Pd/NMC催化剂中Pd以单原子和小金属团簇(粒径为0.3-1.1 nm)的形式高度分散在氮掺杂介孔碳载体的表面;X射线衍射结果表明,该催化剂没有与Pd相关的衍射峰,进一步证明了Pd以单原子和小金属团簇,而非纳米晶的形式存在.这得益于SRA工艺创造的不平衡热条件,抑制了Pd原子的团聚,提高了Pd原子在载体表面的分散性.与商业Pd/C催化剂相比,Pd/NMC催化剂对氯苯的铃木偶联反应表现出更好的催化性能(100%的选择性和95%的产率)和稳定性(循环使用10次后活性几乎没有衰减),此外对其他衍生物底物同样表现出较好的催化性能.第一性原理计算表明,在Pd(111)上联苯解吸的吉布斯自由能为3.24 eV,显著高于Pd₁/NMC(0.72 eV)和Pd₁₃/NMC(1.31 eV),在理论上同样证明了与Pd纳米颗粒相比,Pd单原子/团簇催化剂更有利于反应物的转化.此外,本文新开发的前驱体SRA工艺可被用作稳定金属团簇(例如Pd、Pt、Ru)的通用方法,为构建高效、高度分散的金属原子和亚纳米团簇催化剂提供了新的可能性.     

FCC金属塑性屈服的尺度效应和应变率响应

对纳米尺度单晶铜的剪切变形进行了分子动力学（MD）模拟．模拟结果表明，单晶铜的剪切屈服应力随模型几何尺度的增大而降低，而随着应变率的增大而升高．基于位错形核理论，建立了一个修正的指数法则来描述面心立方（FCC）金属的尺度效应，该法则与较大尺度范围内（从纳米到毫米以上）的数值模拟结果以及实验数据都符合得比较好．另外，MD模拟中发现单晶铜存在一个临界应变率，当施加的应变率小于该值，剪切屈服应力几乎不随应变率变化而变化；当大于该值，剪切屈服应力会随着应变率的增加迅速升高．最后根据模拟的结果建立了单晶铜和单晶镍塑性屈服强度的应变率响应模型．