黄体酮纳米胶束构建及体外释放行为

为了制备可缓释释放的黄体酮纳米胶束新剂型,构建了两嵌段聚合物载体聚乙二醇-聚丙烯基缩水甘油醚(PEG-PAGE),组装成胶束,对黄体酮担载,考察不同条件下的载药量和包封率,筛选出最佳比例,并进行体外释放研究。 结果表明,该胶束能够担载黄体酮,载药量为4.26%,包封率为21.30%,48 h内累计释放达61.31%,能够有效地延缓黄体酮的释放,为黄体酮纳米剂型的开发提供了实验和技术参考。     

液相色谱-质谱联用法测定血液中全氟化合物

研究了快速溶剂萃取-液相色谱/质谱联用技术测定血液中PFAAs的方法。血液样品经过冷冻干燥,利用加速溶剂萃取的方法,最后使用液相色谱-质谱仪分析检测PFAAs成分。方法的回收率为74.6%~128.8%,检出限为1.10~25.1 ng/L。通过对珠江三角洲地区人群血液样本的分析,发现∑9PFAAs的浓度为26.8~557 ng/g,平均值为176±90.1 ng/g。血液中PFAAs的主要成分以PFHxA和PFOS为主,分别占血液中PFAAs浓度的20.97%和66.98%。人群血液中最常见和浓度最高的PFAAs是PFOS,而PFOA浓度相对较低。     

金属-有机骨架衍生催化剂在二氧化碳加氢和费托合成反应中的应用

CO₂加氢和费托合成反应是C1化学中重要的研究领域,CO₂加氢制备高附加值化学品和燃料有助于降低大气中CO₂浓度,减轻化石燃料消耗的压力;费托合成反应是以非石油资源为原料生产液体燃料和化学品的重要路径。 开发新型、高效、稳定的催化剂是CO₂加氢和费托合成反应的关键点之一。 利用金属-有机骨架(Metal-Organic Frameworks,MOFs)材料的特点制备的MOFs衍生催化剂在CO₂加氢和费托合成反应中具有较好的应用前景。 本文综述了CO₂加氢和费托合成反应中MOFs衍生催化剂的制备方法,以及催化剂在各反应中的催化性能,并对目前所存在的问题以及今后的发展进行了总结和展望。     

部分还原二氧化钛的NMR和EPR研究

Partially reduced TiO₂ nanomaterials have attracted significant interest because of their visible-light activity for catalysis and photodegradation. Herein, we prepared a partially reduced anatase TiO₂ (Re-A-TiO₂) nanoparticle material using a fast combustion method, demonstrating good activity toward decomposing methyl orange under visible light irradiation. The surface structure of the prepared material, after being surface-selectively ¹⁷O-labeled with H₂¹⁷O (¹⁷O-enriched water), was studied via ¹⁷O and ¹H solid-state magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and the obtained results were compared to those of non-reduced anatase TiO₂ (A-TiO₂). The EPR results showed that the concentrations of paramagnetic species (i.e., oxygen vacancies (OV) and Ti³⁺) in Re-A-TiO₂ were much higher than that in A-TiO₂, while the former was associated with a higher OV/Ti³⁺ ratio. The intensities of the EPR signals were significantly affected by the adsorbed water, and this phenomenon was explored in combination with ¹H NMR spectroscopy. The ¹H species on Re-A-TiO₂ appeared at larger chemical shifts, denoting the increased acidity of the sample, and these ¹H species on Re-A-TiO₂ were more difficult to remove than those on A-TiO₂. On the other hand, different features were observed for the signals arising from the two-coordinated oxygen atoms (μ₂-O) in ¹⁷O NMR, suggesting a typical anatase TiO₂(101) surface on A-TiO₂, but a more complex surface environment for Re-A-TiO₂. Furthermore, a larger amount of hydroxyl groups (OH) were observed on Re-A-TiO₂ compared to that on A-TiO₂, indicating a larger proportion of exposed (001) facets on Re-A-TiO₂. However, the μ₂-O signals broadened and became similar when the drying temperature was increased to 100 ℃, indicating a non-faceted anatase TiO₂ surface in such conditions. Based on the EPR and NMR results, a significant fraction of the OH species is believed to be formed from the reaction of the paramagnetic centers and adsorbed water molecules. The ¹H→¹⁷O cross polarization (CP) MAS and two-dimensional heteronuclear correlation (2D HETCOR) NMR spectra were used to verify the spatial proximity of the hydrogen and oxygen species, confirming the spectral assignments of a strongly adsorbed water and one type of surface OH species. In particular, the ¹H NMR signals at approximately 11 ppm were ascribed to the hydrogen species in the intramolecular hydrogen bond. In summary, this study investigated the paramagnetic species and surface structure of anatase TiO₂ materials by combining EPR along with ¹H and ¹⁷O solid-state NMR spectroscopy. The differences in the surface structures of Re-A-TiO₂ and A-TiO₂ should be closely related to their different properties toward the photodegradation of methyl orange.     

不可燃氟代碳酸酯基钠离子电池电解液

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used in cellphones, laptops, and electric cars owing to their high energy density and long operational lifetime. However, their further deployment in large-scale energy storage systems is restricted by the uneven distribution of lithium resources (~0.0017% (mass fraction, w) in the Earth's crust). Therefore, alternative energy storage systems composed of abundant elements are of urgent need. Recently, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted significant attention and are considered to be a potential alternative for next-generation batteries owing to abundant sodium resources (~2.64% (w) of the Earth's crust), suitable potential (−2.71 V), and low cost. SIBs are similar to LIBs in terms of their physical and electrochemical properties. Previous studies have mainly focused on SIB storage materials, including hard carbon, alloys, and hexacyanoferrate, while the safety of SIBs remains largely unexplored. Similar to LIBs, the current electrolytes used in SIBs are mainly composed of flammable organic carbonate solvents (or ether solvents), sodium salts, and functional additives, which pose possible safety issues. Moreover, the chemical activity of sodium is much higher than that of lithium, leading to a higher risk of fire, thermal runaway, and explosion. To overcome this problem, herein we propose a fluorinated non-flammable electrolyte composed of 0.9 mol∙L⁻¹ NaPF₆ (sodium hexafluorophosphate) in an intermixture of di-(2, 2, 2 trifluoroethyl) carbonate (TFEC) and fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) in a 7 : 3 ratio by volume. Its physical and electrochemical properties were studied by ionic conductivity, direct ignition, cyclic voltammetry, and charge/discharge measurements, demonstrating excellent flame-retarding ability and outstanding compatibility with sodium electrodes. The electrochemical tests showed that the Prussian blue cathode retained a capacity of 84 mAh∙g⁻¹ over 50 cycles in the prepared electrolyte, in contrast to the rapid capacity degradation in a flammable conventional carbonate electrolyte (74 mAh∙g⁻¹ with 57% capacity retention after 50 cycles). To test the practical application of the proposed electrolyte, a hard carbon anode was used and exhibited exceptional performance in this system. The enhancement mechanism was further verified by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning emission microscopy (SEM) investigations. Polycarbonate on the surface of the cathode played an important role for the studied electrolyte system. The polycarbonate may originate from FEC decomposition, which can enhance the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer and reduce impedance. Hence, we believe that this proposed electrolyte may provide new opportunities for the design of robust and safe SIBs for next-generation applications.     

三维无溶剂含能Ag-MOF的制备、热分解动力学及爆炸性能

Solvent molecules can significantly reduce the heat of detonation and stability of energetic metal-organic framework (EMOF) materials, and the development of solvent-free EMOFs has become an effective strategy to prepare high-energy density materials. In this study, a solvent-free EMOF, [Ag₂(DTPZ)]_n (1) (N% = 32.58%), was synthesized by reacting a high-energy ligand, 2, 3-di(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)pyrazine (H₂DTPZ), with silver ions under hydrothermal conditions, and it was structurally characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermal analysis. In 1, the DTPZ²⁻ ligands that adopted a highly torsional configuration bridged the Ag⁺ ions in an octadentate coordination mode to form a three-dimensional framework (ρ = 2.812 g∙cm⁻³). The large steric effect and strong coordination ability of DTPZ²⁻ effectively prevented the solvent molecules from binding with the metal centers or occupying the voids of 1. Moreover, the strong π-π stacking interactions [centroid-centroid distance = 0.34461(1) nm] between the tetrazole rings in different DTPZ²⁻ ligands provided a high thermal stability to the framework (T_e = 619.1 K, T_p = 658.7 K). Thermal analysis showed that a one-step rapid weight loss with intense heat release primarily occurred during the decomposition of 1, suggesting potential energetic characteristics. Non-isothermal thermokinetic analyses (based on the Kissinger and Ozawa-Doyle methods) were performed using differential scanning calorimetry to obtain the thermoanalysis kinetic parameters of the thermodecomposition of 1 (E_a = 272.1 kJ·mol⁻¹, E_o = 268.9 kJ·mol⁻¹; lgA =19.67 s⁻¹). The related thermodynamic parameters [enthalpy of activation (ΔH^≠ = 266.9 kJ·mol⁻¹), entropy of activation (ΔS^≠ = 125.4 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹), free energy of activation (ΔG^≠ = 188.3 kJ·mol⁻¹)], critical temperature of thermal explosion (T_b = 607.1 K), and self-accelerating decomposition temperature (T_SADT = 595.8 K) of the decomposition reaction were also calculated based on the decomposition peak temperature and extrapolated onset temperature when the heating rate approached zero. The results revealed that 1 featured good thermal safety, and its decomposition was a non-spontaneous entropy-driven process. The standard molar enthalpy for the formation of 1 was calculated to be (2165.99 ± 0.81) kJ·mol⁻¹ based on its constant volume combustion energy determined using a precise rotating oxygen bomb calorimeter. Detonation and safety performance tests revealed that 1 was insensitive to impact and friction, and its heat of detonation (10.15 kJ·g⁻¹) was higher than that of common ammonium nitrate explosives, such as octogen (HMX), hexogene (RDX), and 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), indicating that 1 is a promising high-energy and insensitive material.     

超高效液相色谱-质谱联用法监测人心房钠尿肽的化学合成

多肽作为神经递质、激素、受体等参与和调节许多重要的生命过程。随着对多肽结构与功能认识的深入,化学合成多肽在生物医药、生命分析等领域显示了重要价值。人心房钠尿肽（ANP）是一种由28个氨基酸组成的多肽类激素,其含量和代谢异常与心血管疾病、癌症等密切相关。针对ANP重要的生理功能,该文开展了ANP化学合成及其过程的监测与优化,设计了集固相合成线性直链多肽和液相氧化成环为一体的策略。基于高效液相色谱的分离性能和多级质谱的结构鉴定能力,建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱（UHPLC-MS/MS）分析新方法,对固相合成产物进行了分离分析,并对液相氧化方法进行了筛选和优化,最终分离纯化得到了目标多肽,为人心房钠尿肽的高效化学合成及氧化成环反应提供借鉴。     

原位溶剂热聚合法制备金属有机骨架/碳化氮纳米片涂覆的固相微萃取纤维用于红茶中农药残留的高灵敏检测

有机氯（OCPs）和拟除虫菊酯（PYs）是两类广泛使用的农药,对自然环境和人类健康具有极大危害。在本研究中,通过原位溶剂热聚合法制备了金属有机骨架/碳化氮纳米片（UiO-66/HOCN）复合材料涂覆的固相微萃取（SPME）纤维,该纤维拥有良好的稳定性,并对OCPs和PYs具有高效的萃取性能。将其与气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）相结合,建立了用于OCPs和PYs检测的高灵敏分析方法。该方法对9种农药目标物表现出了令人满意的回收率和重现性,具有检出限低（0.03~0.30 ng/L）、线性范围宽（0.1~800.0 ng/L）和线性相关系数良好（≥ 0.9978）等优点。将所建立的方法用于实际红茶样品中农药残留的检测,成功地在实际样品中检测出了艾试剂（6.6 ng/L）、α-硫丹（54.7 ng/L）和联苯菊酯（185.8 ng/L）。实验结果表明,所建立的分析方法适用于复杂基质中农药残留的分析和监测。     

聚(2-甲基-2-噁唑啉)在毛细管电泳分离蛋白质中的应用

毛细管电泳作为一种常见的液相分离技术,因其分析速度快、分离效率高、样品消耗量少等特点,在蛋白质分离分析领域有广泛应用。然而,常用的熔融硅毛细管容易吸附蛋白质,导致电渗流不稳定,分离结果重现性变差;此外,商用毛细管电泳中常用的紫外检测器由于光程短,使得毛细管电泳的检测灵敏度往往不能达到低丰度蛋白质的直接分析要求。因此寻找能够阻止蛋白质吸附、同时能够提高检测灵敏度的涂层是毛细管电泳分离分析蛋白质的重要课题之一。聚（2-甲基-2-噁唑啉）（PMOXA）作为一种类肽类亲水性聚合物,具有与抗蛋白质吸附聚合物聚乙二醇类似的亲水性、抗蛋白质吸附性和生物相容性,而且其类肽结构使之具有较聚乙二醇更好的稳定性,因此近年来在生物质传递、药物载体和阻抗蛋白质吸附等领域得到越来越多的应用。该文主要从两个方面对聚（2-甲基-2-噁唑啉）在毛细管电泳中的应用进行了阐述。一是利用多巴胺作为黏合层将其涂覆在毛细管内壁作为抗蛋白质吸附涂层,这种涂层不仅能成功分离多种蛋白质的混合物（如溶菌酶、细胞色素C、核糖核酸酶A和α-胰凝乳蛋白酶原A）,而且在定量检测奶粉中三聚氰胺、乳铁蛋白的过程中,能阻抗其他蛋白质的非特异性吸附,提高了毛细管电泳对奶粉中三聚氰胺、乳铁蛋白的检测效率。二是将其与具有刺激响应性的聚合物（如聚丙烯酸）构成二元混合刷涂层,在一定的pH和离子强度条件下,涂层可吸附目标蛋白质（如牛血清白蛋白、溶菌酶）,在另一pH和离子强度条件下可将吸附的目标蛋白质全部释放,同时在释放过程中,处于涂层表面的聚（2-甲基-2-噁唑啉）会进一步阻止蛋白质的吸附,释放的蛋白质在电渗流和电泳的双重作用下快速迁移,到达检测器的蛋白质瞬时浓度大大增加,使目标蛋白质得到富集,目标蛋白质的检测信号得到放大,从而达到了提高低丰度蛋白质检测灵敏度的目的。此外,该文还对聚（2-甲基-2-噁唑啉）在毛细管电泳分离蛋白质中的未来发展趋势进行了展望。     

在线固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱法检测蘑菇中毒患者尿液中痕量α -鹅膏毒肽

建立了在线固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱（online SPE-LC-MS/MS）测定蘑菇中毒患者尿液中痕量α -鹅膏毒肽的分析方法。样品经甲酸酸化的乙腈-甲醇（5：1,v/v）沉淀蛋白质,反相液液微萃取去除样品提取液中的有机溶剂,毒素经ODS微柱（5 mm×2.1 mm,5 μm）在线SPE净化,XBridge^TM BEH C₁₈ 色谱柱（150 mm×3.0 mm,2.5 μm）分离,MS/MS测定。采用基于定量环的快速阀切换技术作为在线SPE和LC-MS/MS模块的接口,使得两个分离模块互相独立,无论是流动相还是压力,都不会互相干扰,保证了系统的稳定性;在线系统的精准净化,有效消除了后续质谱检测的基质效应,确保了尿液中痕量水平α -鹅膏毒肽的定性定量检测。尿液中α -鹅膏毒肽在0.1~50 μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数（r ² ）为0.9983;检出限（LOD）为0.03 μg/L;α -鹅膏毒肽的加标（0.1、2.0和20 μg/L）平均回收率为84.3%~91.7%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为3.8%~7.2%。体内鹅膏毒肽代谢迅速,生物基质中痕量水平毒素的检测是其中毒实验室鉴定的主要难题,通过实际样品检测,证明该法操作简单,准确、灵敏;溶剂沉淀蛋白质和反相液液微萃取去除有机相和脂溶性基质的简单操作,可以作为水溶性毒素在线SPE-LC-MS/MS检测时快速且有效的配套前处理方法;基于在线SPE精准净化技术,可以实现尿液中α -鹅膏毒肽的高灵敏度测定（LOD为0.03 μg/L）,解决了中毒时患者体内痕量水平α -鹅膏毒肽定性确证的难题,部分患者α -鹅膏毒肽中毒实验室鉴定的时间可以扩展到90 h以上;同时,痕量水平的定量检测技术,可以为中毒后迅速代谢的α -鹅膏毒肽在体内的剂量反应关系研究提供可靠的技术支撑。