基于XGBoost的糖尿病血液拉曼光谱定量分析法

血液中包含着大量的生物信息,如激素、酶、血糖等成分,而血糖偏高将引发糖尿病。糖尿病有很多并发症,比如脑梗塞,脑出血,肾脏损害,眼底损害,周围神经病变等一系列疾病。目前,血液常规成分检测分析周期较长,结果反馈较慢,难以实现快速连续检测。光学检测技术能够根据待测物质的光谱鉴别物质化学成分和相对含量,因其灵敏度高、适用性强、分析速度快等优势,在血液无创检测领域逐渐发挥其优势。随着激光技术的不断进步,拉曼光谱技术作为一种非线性散射光谱技术,在血液检测技术中得到了广泛应用。为提高拉曼光谱的预测精度,首次将XGBoost算法应用到拉曼光谱血液血糖浓度中进行预测精度的提升。实验中106组血液样本及试验标准值为河北省秦皇岛市第一医院提供,选用布鲁克的MultiRAM光谱仪进行血液的拉曼光谱数据测量,实验中1 064 nm激发光源功率为400 mW,光谱分辨率为6 cm-1,扫描速率为10 kHz,扫描范围为400～4 000 cm-1,对每个样本重复采集10次并计算平均值作为原始光谱数据,以保证实验的准确性和可重复性。该方法无需对数据进行预处理,首先将光谱数据随机划分为训练集和测试集,比例为7∶3,训练集用于训练模型并确定模型参数,测试集用于测试模型的稳定性和预测精度。建立XGBoost模型后,用网格搜索法和k折交叉验证优化模型参数;引入模型评估指标和克拉克网格误差分析图对XGBoost模型血糖浓度的预测进行分析;最后将XGBoost模型与决策树(DT)、随机森林(RF)和支持向量机回归(SVR)模型进行对比。实验结果表明通过XGBoost建立的定量回归模型效果最佳,模型的决定系数为0.999 99,校正集均方误差为0.007 49,预测集均方误差为0.007 17,相对分析误差为331.973 18,预测点均落在克拉克网格误差分析图的A区。结果证明,将XGBoost算法应用到拉曼光谱血液成分定量分析中具有较高的预测精度,并且数据未经过预处理,可以有效缩短程序运行时间,其在拉曼光谱以及近红外光谱定量分析领域具有广阔的发展前景。     

基于有效衰减系数直接测量的人体光谱特征分析

在活体成分无创测量中,人体组织的漫射光谱之间存在千差万别,即使同一组织的光谱也时刻发生着变化,这是影响活体组织成分测量精度的重要原因。通过漫射光谱实时监测组织的光学特性非常重要。由于漫射光的吸光度光谱沿光源-探测器距离不再呈现线性变化,不同距离下的测量结果不易相互借鉴,因此不宜采用单一距离的漫反射光测量方式。采用双光源-探测器距离的测量方式,通过差分测量获得了组织有效衰减系数,其与测量距离无关,是反映组织吸收、散射的综合光学参数。实验系统采用中心光纤入射,距中心0.6和2.0 mm的两个环状分布的光纤束接收漫反射光,并据此推测出被测组织的有效衰减系数。通过实时监测组织的有效衰减系数,可以监测组织的状态与成分变化信息。采用Intralipid脂肪乳作为组织仿体,考察了其中的葡萄糖浓度、血红蛋白浓度、颗粒密度、温度四个因素变化时在1 000~1 300 nm波段的有效衰减系数光谱,比较了它们的光谱特征。结果表明,有效衰减系数的光谱形状主要由介质的吸收变化决定。其中血红蛋白的有效衰减系数光谱显示出其在1 000~1 200 nm波段吸收显著,1 200~1 300 nm吸收减弱,这与血红蛋白的吸收特征一致;温度的光谱显示出与温度对水吸收光谱影响的光谱形状一致; 葡萄糖与颗粒密度引起的有效衰减系数光谱相似,原因在1 000~1 300 nm波段葡萄糖吸收较弱,其主要影响介质散射特性。最后测量了不同人体的手指、手掌、手背、手臂外侧、手臂内侧的有效衰减系数光谱,比较了部位差异和个体差异。从人体光谱差异上很明显地看到了血红蛋白、散射特性不同引起的光谱差异。综上,提出的有效衰减系数光谱测量方法特别适用于活体组织的成分测量,为实时监测组织的散射、吸收变化提供了一条新途径。     

分子影像新技术——氘代谢波谱及成像的综述与展望

目前常用的分子影像技术主要有正电子发射型断层显像（PET）、质子磁共振波谱（¹H MRS）及成像（¹H MRSI）、化学交换饱和转移（CEST）、超极化¹³C MRSI等.近4年来,氘代谢波谱（DMS）及成像（DMI）作为一种新兴的分子影像技术获得了越来越多的关注,其通过采集注射或口服氘代葡萄糖后的目标组织与正常组织间氘代谢产物的磁共振信号进行组织区分.相比于其他分子影像方法,该影像技术具有无辐射、稳定性好、扫描操作相对简单等优点.本文综述了近年来DMS/DMI技术的研究进展及其意义,归纳总结了其临床应用价值,并对该技术未来的发展和改进方向,以及应用前景进行了展望.     

Glucose‐Sensitive QCM‐Sensors Via Direct Surface RAFT Polymerization

Thin, phenylboronic acid‐containing polymer coatings are potentially attractive sensory layers for a range of glucose monitoring systems. This contribution presents the synthesis and properties of glucose‐sensitive polymer brushes obtained via surface RAFT polymerization of 3‐methacrylamido phenylboronic acid (MAPBA). This synthetic strategy is attractive since it allows the controlled growth of PMAPBA brushes with film thicknesses of up to 20 nm via direct polymerization of MAPBA without the need for additional post‐polymerization modification or deprotection steps. QCM‐D sensor chips modified with a PMAPBA layer respond with a linear change in the shift of the fundamental resonance frequency over a range of physiologically relevant glucose concentrations and are insensitive toward the presence of fructose, thus validating the potential of these polymer brush films as glucose sensory thin coatings.

     

The Effect of Simulated In Vitro Digestion on Biological Activity of Viburnum opulus Fruit Juices

In the present study, an in vitro digestion method has been used to assay the influence of the physiological conditions in the mouth, stomach, and intestine on the stability and activity in different cell models of the main phenolic compounds from Viburnum opulus fresh juice (FJ), phenolic-rich juice (PJ), and the bioavailable fractions (DFJ and DPJ). The data obtained indicate that the V. opulus samples achieved after in vitro digestion had an influence on cellular glucose and lipid metabolism. The bioavailable fraction of both digested juices stimulated glucose uptake and decreased lipid accumulation by L6 myoblasts and HepG2 hepatocytes. Both DFJ and DPJ reduced the secretion of inflammatory cytokines by 3T3-L1 adipocytes: interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Simultaneously, DFJ and DPJ enhanced oxidative stress in MIN6 cells and decreased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). UPLC–MS analysis revealed qualitative and quantitative changes in hydroxycinnamic acids. In particular, the content of chlorogenic acid decreased drastically; its content in the bioavailable fraction was almost 7 times and 30 times lower than in the FJ and PJ, respectively. Our results suggested that although the phenolic compounds of V. opulus juices undergo transformation during digestion, they are still potent antioxidant agents with biological activity.     

Characterization and Potential Applications of Immobilized Glucose Oxidase and Polyphenol Oxidase

Pyrrole functionalized polystyrene (PStPy) was copolymerized with pyrrole to obtain a conducting copolymer, P(PStPy‐co‐Py) which is used as the immobilization matrix. Glucose oxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzymes were immobilized via the entrapment method by electrochemical polymerization. Enzyme electrodes were prepared by electrolysis at a constant potential using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as the supporting electrolyte during the copolymerization of PStPy with pyrrole. Maximum reaction rates (V_max) and enzyme affinities (Michaelis‐Menten constants, K_m) were determined for the enzyme entrapped both in polypyrrole (PPy) and P(PStPy‐co‐Py) matrices. Optimizations of enzyme electrodes were done by examining the effects of temperature and pH on enzymes' activities along with the shelf life and operational stability investigations. Glucose oxidase enzyme electrodes were used for human serum analysis and glucose determination in two brands of orange juices. Polyphenol oxidase enzyme electrodes were used for the determination of phenolics in red wines of Turkey.     

Ammonia-treated N-(1-naphthyl) ethylenediamine dihydrochloride as a novel matrix for rapid quantitative and qualitative determination of serum free fatty acids by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

The blood free fatty acids (FFAs), which provide energy to the cell and act as substrates in the synthesis of fats, lipoproteins, liposaccharides, and eicosanoids, involve in a number of important physiological processes. In the present study, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (MALDI-FTICR MS) with ammonia-treated N-(1-naphthyl) ethylenediamine dihydrochloride (ATNEDC) as a novel MALDI matrix in a negative ion mode was employed to directly quantify serum FFAs. Multiple point internal standard calibration curves between the concentration ratios of individual fatty acids to internal standard (IS, C_17:0) versus their corresponding intensity ratios were constructed for C_14:0, C_16:1, C_16:0, C_18:0, C_18:1, C_18:2, C_18:3, C_20:4, and C_22:6, respectively, in their mixture, with correlation coefficients between 0.991 and 0.999 and limits of detection (LODs) between 0.2 and 5.4 μM, along with the linear dynamic range of more than two orders of magnitude. The results indicate that the multiple point internal standard calibration could reduce the impact of ion suppression and improve quantification accuracy in the MALDI mode. The quantitative results of nine FFAs from 339 serum samples, including 161 healthy controls, 118 patients with hyperglycemia and 60 patients without hyperglycemia show that FFAs levels in hyperglycemic patient sera are significantly higher than those in healthy controls and patients without hyperglycemia, and elevated FFA levels are also associated with increased levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG) in hyperglycemic patient sera. Serum FFAs were identified on the basis of the observed accurate molecular masses and reliable isotope distributions obtained by MALDI-FTICR MS.     

毛细管电泳中葡萄糖-羟丙基甲基纤维素体系分离脱氧核糖核酸

葡萄糖作为羟丙基甲基纤维素（Hydroxpropylmethyl cellulose,HPMC)筛分体系的添加剂,可以改善该体系在低浓度时分离脱氧核糖核酸（DNA）的能力。研究了硼酸浓度和pH值对葡萄糖－羟丙基甲基纤维素体系分离性能的影响;并将葡萄糖与其它添加剂如甘油、甘露醇对分离的影响作了比较,葡萄糖特有的环状结构使得其对羟丙基甲基纤维素体系分离能力的提高更为显著。     

固定化葡萄糖氧化酶活性的X射线微区分析

利用X射线微区分析方法,对固定化活性葡萄糖氧化酶进行了定位分析;葡萄糖作为底物,FeSO4和KI作为捕捉剂,底物经固定化葡萄糖氧化酶催化产生H2O2,后者和捕捉剂反应生成沉淀,可以确定固定化葡萄糖氧化酶的催化活性部位。结果表明：颗粒越小,酶活越高,活性葡萄糖氧化酶在凝胶内分布均匀,且绝大多数葡萄糖氧化酶固定在凝胶的内部。作者还研究了固定化活性葡萄糖氧化酶定位的最佳条件。     

C/MgAl水滑石复合材料为前驱物所制催化剂在柠檬醛-丙酮缩合反应中的催化性能

在MgAl水滑石的合成体系中引入不同量的葡萄糖,得到了系列C/MgAl水滑石复合材料。该复合材料经550℃焙烧后,形成MgAl复合金属氧化物。该MgAl复合金属氧化物在含水的反应体系中可原位活化形成插层阴离子为OH-的MgAl水滑石催化剂(meixnerite)。采用XRD、N2吸附、元素分析和碱性能测试等手段对所制meixnerite催化剂的物化性能进行了表征。结果表明,以C/MgAl水滑石复合材料为前驱物所制备的meixnerite催化剂,较以常规的MgAl水滑石为前驱物所制催化剂具有较高的比表面和更多可接近的碱性位。这些特征使以C/MgAl水滑石复合材料为前驱物所制备的meixnerite催化剂在柠檬醛-丙酮缩合反应中的催化活性高于常规的以MgAl水滑石为前驱物所制备的催化剂。此外,本文还对合成体系中葡萄糖的引入量和反应条件对所制催化剂的催化性能的影响进行了考察。