1839年1月2日：第一个月球的达盖尔银版摄影

 无论从地面的望远镜,或像哈勃太空望远镜等仪器拍摄出高分辨率的星球彩色照片,是现今天文学研究的主要方法,但以前并非都是如此。在发明摄影术之前,天文学家必须将他们在望远镜中之所见手绘出来,时常会遗漏重要的细节;天文学家再将原先的初图重画复制,错误也不知不觉地存在画中。一直到达盖尔发明银版照相法后,天文学家才找到了更好的方法。     

高分辨率航拍图像实时记录方法

针对某型高分辨率航空摄像机输出数据流达到每秒200兆字节,常规方法难于实现图像数据实时记录的问题,提出一种自启动多通道混合同步直写SCSI硬盘的方法.通过新设计的状态控制器,优化了SCSI硬盘的记录时序,使多个并行记录通道能根据数据缓存器和硬盘的状态自动产生独立的直写脉冲,以混合同步的方式将数据高速记录到硬盘上.实验结果表明:该方法可使图像数据持续记录速率达到每秒200兆字节,储存容量可达280吉字节,且结构简单、实用.     

基于散斑成像技术的扩展目标高分辨率复原

大气湍流对实现扩展目标的高分辨率重建具有重要影响.针对此问题,本文提出了一种改进的散斑成像算法.传统散斑成像算法在相位恢复计算中存在双谱数据量大和计算复杂等问题,改进算法利用图像的厄米特对称性和查找表技术将相位恢复和双谱计算紧密结合,通过计算截止频率内的每个空间频率点邻域双谱和添加双谱坐标约束使得双谱数据量减小.建立傅里叶频域相邻两象限共用的坐标查找表,确定双谱和相位恢复计算顺序,避免了双谱的对称操作从而使得整个计算简单易行.仿真实验结果表明:改进算法相对于双谱截切法使得双谱数据量至少减少了24%并准确恢复出目标相位谱,恢复相位谱经过傅里叶逆变换后清晰地显示了目标的轮廓和结构,再结合Labeyrie-Kroff法得到了目标的高分辨率图像;最后对实际天文图像进行处理,使恢复后图像的分辨率相对于原始图像得到明显提高,并且改进算法以更少的计算时间获得了与双谱截切法几乎同样的恢复效果.     

Electron momentum spectroscopy of NF3

The electronic structure of nitrogen trifluoride was investigated by combining the high-resolution electron momentum spectroscopy with the high-level calculations. The experimental binding energy spectra and the momentum distributions of each orbital were compared with the results of Hartree-Fock, density functional theory （DFT）, and symmetry-adapted- cluster configuration-interaction （SAC-CI） methods. SAC-CI and DFT-B3LYP with the aug-cc-pVTZ basis set can well reproduce the binding energy spectra and the observed momentum distributions of the valence orbitals except 1 a2 and 4e orbitals. It was found that the calculated momentum distributions using DFT-B3LYP are even better than those using the high-level SAC-CI method.     

Equivalent comparison and analysis between different nominal frequencies

We analyze the phenomena of phase group synchronization between the different nominal frequency signals and propose a new theory of the equivalent comparison between them. The exact expression of the equivalent comparison is deduced. High resolution frequency measurement and phase comparison can be realized using this theory with the divider. For avoiding the frequency mixing, multiplication and synthesis, the system phase noise is improved and the higher resolution comparison and measurement are achieved between the different nominal frequencies by theory.     

基于管状声学超透镜的近场点声源成像研究

在局域共振型声子晶体和负折射理论的相关基础上,结合声透镜发展现状和声成像的需要,提出了一种新型的管状声学超透镜结构并建立了模型;通过层多散射法分析了该透镜内声波的传输过程,然后利用COMSOL Multiphysics软件模拟了近场点声源通过不同厚度的管状声学超透镜后的声波传输和聚焦情况,得到了透射率和反射率的关系曲线,确定了最佳成像效果时透镜的厚度;在此厚度下,观察到入射波和出射波的波形基本接近,弥散现象很弱,很好的验证了该透镜可以实现对近场点声源的高分辨率成像.     

高分辨率及高灵敏度小动物PET研究进展

作为一种高灵敏度且具有定量测量能力的功能分子影像技术,小动物PET越来越广泛地用于各种生物医学研究,例如疾病动物模型研究、新药物研发和新治疗方法评估等。首先回顾小动物PET成像系统的发展历史、效率和空间分辨率等性能的改进和产业化;其次,讨论了影响PET空间分辨率和效率的各种因素,包括晶体大小、探测器几何、正电子射程、光子非共线效应、图像重建算法和阻碍PET系统同时达到高空间分辨率和高效率的相互作用深度不确定效应;最后,介绍了小动物PET成像系统在以下几个方面的取得的最新进展:（1）高密度、小的光衰减常数和高光产额的闪烁晶体;（2）体积小、增益大、时间性能好、工作电压低和磁兼容的新型硅光电倍增管光探测器;（3）各种深度测量PET探测器,详细介绍了一个可达到分辨0.43 mm×0.43 mm×20 mm晶格和达到2.4 mm深度分辨率的双端读出探测器;（4）使用深度测量探测器的小动物PET成像系统,详细介绍了一个使用高分辨率双端读出探测器,全视野达到0.55 mm平均位置分辨率的小动物PET原型系统;（5）磁兼容插件式小动物PET成像系统和PET/MRI同时成像的优点;（6）小动物PET图像重建和数据校正的特点、传统的滤波反投影算法和新的迭代算法的优缺点和PET图像重建算法未来的发展方向。As the most sensitive and quantitative molecular imaging technique,small animal positron emission tomography (PET) has become a widely used tool in biomedical research such as in animal model of human disease,development of new drugs and the evaluation of new therapeutics.In this paper,first the history,the efforts to improve the spatial resolution and sensitivity as well as the commercialization process of small animal PET scanner are reviewed.Then the factors that affect the spatial resolution and sensitivity of PET scanner such as crystal size,detector geometry,positron range,photon noncollinearity and imaging reconstruction are discussed in detail.The depth of interaction effect which hinders the simultaneous achievement of PET spatial resolution and sensitivity are also discussed.Finally the recent progress made in the following areas of small animal PET instrumentation are introduced:(1) high density,short light decay constant and bright scintillator,(2) compact,high gain,good timing resolution,low bias voltage and MRI compatible silicon photomultiplier,(3) depth encoding detectors by using different methods,a detector using dual-ended readout,identifying 0.43 mm×0.43 mm×20 mm crystals and achieving a 2.4 mm depth of interaction resolution was introduced in detail,(4) small animal PET scanners using depth encoding detectors,a prototype scanner using high resolution dualended readout detectors and achieving an average of 0.55 mm spatial resolution in the whole field of view was introduced in detail.(5) MRI compatible small animal PET inserts and the advantage of simultaneous PET/MRI imaging,(6) image reconstruction and data correction of small animal PET,the filter back projection and iterative reconstruction algorithms are compared and a few key directions of PET image reconstruction will be presented.     

Sequential Observation of Alkali-halide Gas Phase Clusters in High Resolution TOF-MS and Prediction of Their Structures

Alkali halide clusters are interesting model systems that can provide information about how crystal properties evolve. To study these properties, a high-resolution atmospheric pressure inlet time-of-flight mass spectrometry （APi-TOF-MS） study of the sequential sodium halides series, C1-（NaC1）n and Br-（NaBr）m, has been reported, and the viability of the APi-TOF- MS equipped with an electrospray ionization source in determining cluster compositions has been demonstrated. The isotopic patterns were well resolved, as n=4 and 7 were determined to be the magic numbers for C1-（NaC1）n clusters, which were particularly abundant in the mass spectra. A global minimum search based on density functional theory enabled basin hopping yield the most stable structures for the mentioned series. The structures exhibit several distinct motifs which can be roughly categorized as linear chain, rock salt, and hexag- onal ring. This work provides an effective way to discover and elucidate the nonstoichiometry sodium halide clusters. These clusters possess very high vertical detachment energies and are generally called as superhalogens, which play important roles in chemistry because they are widely used in the synthesis of new classes of charge-transfer salts.     

从恒星强度干涉仪、星体散斑干涉仪到空间强度自关联合成孔径望远镜

随着天文观测对空间分辨率性能需求不断提升,迫切需要发展十米级、百米级甚至公里级光学合成孔径的望远镜。传统光学共位相的合成孔径成像技术面临着高精度相位技术的挑战,难以将长基线的合成孔径成像拓展到光学波段。强度干涉的测量方法对相位相对不敏感,为长基线的光学合成孔径提供了可能的技术方案。分别梳理了恒星强度干涉仪、星体散斑干涉仪的发展历程和关键科学问题,并分析了空间强度自关联合成孔径望远镜的技术特点和发展潜力。通过总结三种技术方案的特点,可为我国发展长基线光学合成孔径成像系统提供参考。