Mapping of an ultrasonic bath for ultrasound assisted extraction of mangiferin from Mangifera indica leaves

The present work deals with the mapping of an ultrasonic bath for the maximum extraction of mangiferin from Mangifera indica leaves. I₃⁻ liberation experiments (chemical transformations) and extraction (physical transformations) were carried out at different locations in an ultrasonic bath and compared. The experimental findings indicated a similar trend in variation in an ultrasonic bath by both these methods. Various parameters such as position and depth of vessel in an ultrasonic bath, diameter and shape of a vessel, frequency and input power which affect the extraction yield have been studied in detail. Maximum yield of mangiferin obtained was approximately 31 mg/g at optimized parameters: distance of 2.54 cm above the bottom of the bath, 7 cm diameter of vessel, flat bottom vessel, 6.35 cm liquid height, 122 W input power and 25 kHz frequency. The present work indicates that the position and depth of vessel in an ultrasonic bath, diameter and shape of a vessel, frequency and input power have significant effect on the extraction yield. This work can be used as a base for all ultrasonic baths to obtain maximum efficiency for ultrasound assisted extraction.     

结合DEM的红边-近红外植被指数提取城市植被信息

随着生活水平的不断提高,城市植被已成为衡量城市宜居性的重要标准之一,对城市生物多样性评估和保护起到非常重要的作用。因此,合理规划城市植被是解决环境问题和提高生活质量的重要手段。因此,城市植被的提取和监测成为重中之重的任务。目前,城市植被提取一方面受到地域和物种的影响,另一方面也受到地形和建筑物阴影的影响。为解决上述问题,提出了一种结合数字高程模型(DEM)的红边-近红外植被指数模型（RENVI）。首先选取了3景经过辐射定标和大气校正的具有红边波段、且光谱和空间分辨率较高的Worldview-3遥感影像;然后,根据红边波段对于植被具有较高的敏感性,且红边范围内的光谱数据与反映植被生长状况的参数有较好的相关关系原理,采用DEM模型和红边波段光谱差异,有效去除地形和建筑物阴影;最后,在可见光波段范围内建立红边光谱-近红外光谱构建特征空间,构建了红边-近红外植被指数模型,同时与归一化植被指数（NDVI）和增强型植被指数（EVI）进行城市植被提取的定性和定量对比分析。定性分析是利用真实植被影像参考图与模型提取植被影像进行视觉分析;后者是采用用户精度、生产者精度、总体精度和Kappa系数进行量化分析。定性分析表明：NDVI和EVI提取城市植被,由于建筑和道路像元混淆在植被中,产生了错分和漏分的问题。RENVI较好地消除了阴影像元与植被像元混淆问题,能准确的提取城市植被,减少了冗余度,增加了植被指数的信息量。定量分析表明：RENVI模型较NDVI和RVI能够准确提取城市植被,3景影像总体精度分别为89%,81.4%和91.8%,Kappa系数分别为0.852 8,0.791 3和0.905 2。综上所述,该方法有效提高了城市植被提取精度,并取得了较好的提取视觉效果。     

Impact of low-frequency ultrasound technology on physical,chemical and technological properties of cereals and pseudocereals

Cereals (CE) and pseudocereals (PSCE) play a pivotal role in nourishing the human population. Low-frequency ultrasound (LFUS) modifies the structure of CE and PSCE macromolecules such as starch and proteins, often improving their technological, functional and bioactive properties. Hence, it is employed for enhancing the traditional processes utilized for the preparation of CE- and PSCE-based foods as well as for the upcycling of their by-products. We report recent advances in LFUS treatments for hydration, germination, extraction of bioactive compounds from by-products, and fortification of CEs and PSCE, including kinetic modelling and underlying action mechanisms. Meta-analyses of LFUS influence on compounds extraction and starch gelatinization are also presented. LFUS enhances hydration rate and time lag phase of CE and PSCE, essential for germination, extraction, fermentation and cooking. The germination is improved by increasing hydration, releasing promoters and eliminating inhibitors. Furthermore, LFUS boosts the extraction of phenolic compounds, polysaccharides and other food components; modifies starch structure, affecting pasting properties; causes partial denaturation of proteins, improving their interfacial properties and their peptides availability. Overall, LFUS has an outstanding potential to improve transformation processes and functionalities of CE and PSCE.     

Cyclic and acyclic S2O2 donor-type ionophores. Ion-pair extraction and transport of Ag(I) picrate, and X-ray confirmation of existence of the ion-pair complex

Extraction and transport behaviors of isomeric oxathia macrocycles (L₂, ortho-; L₃, meta- and L₄, para-isomer) and their structure related open-chain compound (L₁) towards Ag(I) picrate have been examined. From the plot of log (D_Ag(I)/[pic⁻]) vs. log [L]₀ for all of the ionophores were linear with slope near unity, thereby confirming the 1:1:1 complex formations of Ag(I)/ligand/picrate ion to be extracted into the dichloromethane phase. The extractability of an acyclic ionophore was superior to those of the corresponding cyclic ones. In membrane transport experiments, the slow rate of release of Ag(I) from the membrane into the receiving phase seems to be responsible for lower transport efficiency. Upon addition of sodium thiosulfate as a stripping reagent in receiving phase, the efficiency of transport is significantly enhanced in the order of L₁ (acyclic)>L₂ (ortho-)>L₃ (meta-)>L₄ (para-) in accordance with those of log K_ex values. It is hypothesized that the ion-pair complexation of L₁ in extraction step would be more favorable in extraction and transport of Ag(I). Its structure have been confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis of [Ag(L₁)pic], where L₁=1,10-bis(mercaptobenzylyl)-4,7-dioxadecane.     

Indirect Determination of Ascorbic Acid with Ammonium Sulfate and Ethanol by Extraction and Flotation of Copper

A new method of indirect determination of ascorbic acid with ammonium sulfate and ethanol by extraction and flotation of copper in the presence of thiocyanate has been studied in this paper. The study shows that a small amount of Cu(II) is reduced to Cu(I) by ascorbic acid, then Cu(I) precipitates with SCN^?. In the course of phase separation of ethanol from water, the precipitated CuSCN is extracted and stays in the interface of ethanol and water. A good linear relationship is observed between the extraction yield of Cu(II) and the amount of ascorbic acid. The detection limit for ascorbic acid is 1 10^?5 M. Every parameter has been optimized and the reaction mechanism has been studied. The method is simple, rapid (5 min) and suffers from few interferences of common anions and cations. It has been successfully applied for the determination of ascorbic acid in pharmaceuticals and fruits.     

Continuous countercurrent extraction of hemicellulose from pretreated wood residues

Two-stage dilute acid pretreatment followed by enzymatic cellulose hydrolysisis an effectivemethod for obtaining high sugar yields from wood residuessuchassoftwood forest thinnings. In the first-stage hydrolysis step, most of the hemicellulose is solubilized using relatively mild conditions. The soluble hemicellu losic sugars are recovered from the hydrolysateslurry by washing with water. The washed solids are then subjected tomoresevere hydrolysis conditions to hydrolyze approx 50% of the cellulose to glucose. The remaining cellulose can further be hydrolyzed with cellulase enzyme. Our process simulation indicates that the amount of water used in the hemicellulose recovery step has a significan tim pact on the cost of ethanol production. It is important to keep water usage as low as possible while mainta ining relatively high recovery of solublesugars. To achieve this objective, a prototype pilot-scale continuous countercurrent screw extractor was evaluated for the recovery of hemicellulose from pretreated forest thinnings. Using the 274-cm (9-ft) long extractor, solubles recoveries of 98, 91, and 77% were obtained with liquid-to-insoluble solids (L/1S) ratios of 5.6, 3.4, and 2.1, respectively. An empirical equation was developed to predict the performance of the screwextractor. This equation predicts that soluble sugar recovery above 95% can be obtained with an L/IS ratio as low as 3.0.     

萃取体系中的分子有序现象及其对萃取的影响

萃取体系中存在分子有序聚集体是一普遍现象,并对液－液传质过程有重要影响。本文从分子有序聚集体的形成条件,研究方法,对萃取机制的影响和应用前景等几方面做了简要评述,以期有助于该领域研究的进一步深入。     

硫酸铵存在下碘化物-乙基紫-异丙醇体系萃取分离镉

研究了在硫酸铵存在下,碘化物-乙基紫-异丙醇体系萃取镉的行为以及异丙醇水溶液的分相条件。实验表明,异丙醇作为萃取溶剂,能萃取中性离子缔合物。溶液pH1-6时,该体系能使Cd^2 从常见过渡元素Fe^3 、Co^2 、Ni^2 、Mn^2 、ZN^2 的混合液中分离出来。     

萃取-原子吸收分光光度法测定海水中痕量铜

本文建立了测定海水中痕量铜的新方法,以APDC－MIBK为络合萃取剂,原子吸收分光光度法测定,并研究了最佳测定条件。该法简便、快速,具有良好的精密度和准确度,测定结果令人满意。     

2-乙基己醇萃取-原子吸收光谱法测定微量镓

在７．０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ盐酸介质中,在抗坏血酸存在下,用２－乙基己醇萃取试样溶液中的酸性铬蓝Ｋ－镓的络合物,然后用３０ｇ／Ｌ的硫脲将络合物反萃取到水相中,用ＦＡＡＳ法测定镓,据此建立了萃取反萃取－ＦＡＡＳ法测定微量镓的新方法。方法线性范围为０～６０．０ｍｇ／Ｌ,灵敏度为０．２８ｍｇ／Ｌ／１％,已用于铝酸钠溶液中微量镓的测定。