超小自聚焦光纤探头的研究进展

梯度折射率（Gradient-index,GRIN）光纤探头是一种全光纤型超小光学镜头,在心血管等狭小空间组织内窥影像检测中具有广阔的应用前景。但其发展一直缺少系统的理论体系。本文讨论探头设计、制作和性能测试等方面的关键问题。基于GRIN光纤探头聚焦性能的特征参数,对解析设计方法与数值仿真设计方法进行比较分析。针对超小GRIN光纤探头的制作难题,研究一种光纤熔接和切割的高精度一体化集成装置,描述GRIN光纤探头的制作方法。此外,分析了超小GRIN光纤探头聚焦性能检测的方法及装置。本文为超小GRIN光纤探头的设计、制作及性能测试提供了一个方法体系。     

Laser welding of glasses using a nanosecond pulsed Nd:YAG laser

This work reports on laser welding of two 1 mm thickness borosilicate glasses through the irradiation with a nanosecond pulsed laser, as a novel alternative to the use of ultrashort pulsed lasers for welding of transparent materials. Two different methodologies were investigated and compared in terms of interface quality. In a first approach, the glasses were joined without any absorbing intermediate layer. However, the bond interface possesses defects. To improve the resulting bond interface, the use of a titanium ultrathin intermediate layer was proposed to weld the glasses substrates, acting as a sealant between them. The laser parameters were optimized to achieve the best joining conditions of the Ti film. The use of the Ti layer gives rise to a bond interface more homogeneous and free of damages. As a further step, thin glasses of 86 µm thickness, of great technological value, were joined through the Ti film as well. The joined interfaces were inspected through optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) while the bond quality was evaluated by Scanning Acoustic Microscopy (SAM).     

Laser transmission welding of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and biodegradable poly(ethylene terephthalate) – Based blends

Joining of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) PET and its biodegradable derivatives is of high relevance to ensure good productive rate, low cost and operational safety for fabrication of medical and electronic devices, sport equipments as well as for manufacturing of food and drug packaging solutions. In the present investigation, granules of PET and PETs modified by organic additives, which promote biodegradation of the polymeric chains, were prepared by extrusion compounding. The achieved granules were subsequently re-extruded to shape thin (330 μm) flat sheets. Substrates cut from these sheets were joined by Laser Transmission Welding (LTW) with a continuous wave High Power Diode Laser (cw-HPDL). First, based on a qualitative evaluation of the welded joints, the most suitable operational windows for PETs laser joining were identified. Second, characterization of the mechanical properties of the welded joints was performed by tensile tests. Accordingly, Young's modulus of PET and biodegradable PET blends was studied by Takayanagi's model and, based on the experimental results, a novel predicting analytical model derived from the mixture rule was developed. Lastly, material degradation of the polymeric joints was evaluated by FT-IR analysis, thus allowing to identify the main routes to thermal degradation of PET and, especially, of biodegradable PET blends during laser processing.     

焊接变形光学测量技术研究

针对薄板焊接变形测量难的问题,提出了一种非接触式三维光学实时测量薄板焊接变形的新方法。首先通过2个高分辨率高速数字相机从不同观察点同时拍摄物体运动的视频图像;然后运用三维重建技术,包括共线方程、基于共面方程的像片定向、直接线性变换解法、外极线几何约束和光束平差解法等重建待测标志点的三维坐标;最后依据同名点将不同时刻薄板的变形状态关联起来,计算出待观测点的焊接变形量,并实时绘制显示出变形曲线。与传统方法相比,该方法具有不受焊接温度及强烈干扰影响和实时、高效、高精度等优点。     

Dual beam method for laser welding of galvanized steel: Experimentation and prospects

Laser welding of zinc-coated steel sheets in lap configuration poses a challenging problem, because of the zinc vapours spoiling the quality of the weld. In continuation to the earlier work, the novel solution of dual laser beam method for lap welding of galvanized steel sheets is discussed here in view of the recently obtained observations and ensuing concerns. In this method the precursor beam cuts a slot, thus making an exit path for the zinc vapours, while the second beam performs the needed welding. The metallurgical analysis of the welds is encouraging showing absence of zinc in the welded area. In the current work on this technique, new experimental results have been obtained verifying the earlier observations. Along with this, the possibility of using a transversely split-up beam for the welding purposes with this approach is discussed and analyzed in this paper. This new technique is expected to be very useful in prospective industrial applications requiring higher welding throughput along with the needed quality.     

Efficient coupling and relaxed alignment tolerances in pigtailing of a laser diode using dual ball lenses

In this paper, we report an efficient coupling scheme with relaxed misalignment tolerances. The proposed coupling scheme consists of two ball lenses of same diameter (1 mm) and different refractive indices. The second ball lens which is facing the fiber tip has a higher refractive index (1.833), whereas the first one which faces the laser diode has a refractive index of 1.5. Employing Gaussian and ABCD ray tracing optics, the theoretically obtained coupling efficiency can reach a unity with relaxed working distance (separation of the coupling system from the fiber tip) in the range between 1 and 4 mm at some optimum positions of the coupling lenses with regard to each other and to the facet of the laser diode. It has been found that if the distance between the first ball lens and the laser diode (d₁) is fixed at 1.1 mm, which is twice its focal length, the coupling efficiency and the working distance as well as the misalignment tolerances are greatly affected by variation of the separation between the two ball lenses (s), and for this proposed coupling scheme the highest coupling efficiency and largest working distance are obtained when s is in the range of 0.3-0.35 mm. Above and below this range there is a significant reduction in the values of the above-mentioned parameters. Experimentally, the Nd:YAG laser welding system has been used for the alignment and welding of the coupling components in a butterfly configuration; the experimentally obtained coupling efficiency of the proposed coupling system was around 75% with relaxed working distance. From the effect of lateral and angular offsets on coupling efficiency, it is clearly noticed that the mode field of laser diode is transformed from elliptical into circular and hence effectively matched with that of the single-mode fiber.     

Research on laser welding of high-strength galvanized automobile steel sheets

The paper presented some useful results of deep-penetration laser welding of high-strength galvanized steel sheets, which had been carried out by a self-made CO₂ laser unit with maximum power output of 1.5 kW. The workpieces of high-strength galvanized automobile steels with thickness of 1.5 mm were butt-welded with argon as the shielding gas. The effects of such factors as laser power, welding speed, focal position, shielding gas and zinc vaporization on the quality of welds are investigated. With the processing parameters optimized and the proper shielding gas used in both coaxial and side-blow direction, most of the defects, such as pores, cracks and softening in HAZ, can be avoided in laser welding joints. The microstructure, the hardness distribution and the elemental distribution in the welding joints can be changed due to laser heating and recrystallization. In order to determine the mechanical properties of the welding joints, the static tensile strength was tested. Experimental results indicated that both the strength and microhardness of welding joints were higher than those of the base metal. Consequently, the welding quality is reliable for manufacturing of automobile bodies.     

基于光谱诊断的热源间距对激光-脉冲GMAW复合焊等离子体物理特性影响研究

激光电弧复合焊中,热源间距会影响到等离子体物理特性,进而影响到焊接过程的稳定性及焊接质量。 基于Boltzmann作图法和Stark展宽法研究了不同热源间距下的激光-脉冲GMAW复合焊峰值阶段的温度场和电子密度分布,并结合高速摄影手段分析了热源间距对温度和电子密度的影响规律。 光谱诊断结果表明,随着热源间距的增大,激光等离子体的温度和电子密度都没有明显的变化;电弧温度出现下降,电弧电子密度则呈现先增高后降低的趋势。     

水下爆炸焊接和压实

回顾了水下爆炸在军事海战和经济建设方面的应用,并且探索了水下爆炸在工业方面的发展。结合水下冲击波独特的性能,提出了水下爆炸焊接和水下冲击波压实粉末混合物2种加工方法。焊接试样显微组织中典型的波状界面表明水下冲击波对于脆性和薄片材料具有很好的焊接效果。粉末混合物在水下冲击波加载作用下能形成致密体。利用水下冲击波,在纯铜表面制备出了性能优良的弥散强化涂层。涂层内部弥散颗粒分布均匀,高硬度显示了优良的机械性能。     

HT-7U真空室振动时效消应力分析

针对HT-7U真空室拼焊过程中产生的焊接变形, 应用振动时效(VSR)工艺, 以消除拼焊处残 余应力, 提高真空室的尺寸精度. 通过振动过程中动应力分析和VSR工艺前后残余应力的对 比测量, 了解真空室拼焊处动应力和残余应力的分布状况, 实验结果表明VSR工艺消应力效 果良好.