β-Silylacrylate as a Multipurpose Reagent in Organic Synthesis

Acrylates are well known electrophilic alkenes having multitude of applications in organic synthesis. They are very good acceptors in Michael addition reactions and are good enophile/dienophile/dipolarophile partners in cycloaddition reactions. Replacing the β-alkyl/aryl groups in acrylates by a silicon group would be interesting. In addition to the conventional reactions displayed by acrylates, β-silylacrylates (β-SAs) can show reactivity specifically related to the silicon group. Many conventional organic reactions such as hydrodimerization, organocatalytic asymmetric Michael additions, inter- and intra-molecular Diels–Alder reactions, and asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions have been used to generate the complex chemical entities from β-SAs. Some of the reaction outcomes were vastly influenced by the silicon substituent. This review describes the practical synthesis β-SAs and their use as starting point in complex molecule generation including total synthesis of some natural products/bioactive molecules.     

碳点/β-环糊精复合物的制备及其用于尿酸检测的研究

以柠檬酸三钠为碳源,采用微波辅助制备碳点,用β-环糊精(β-CD)和碳点复合制备出碳点/β-CD复合物,并用荧光、紫外、红外光谱等进行表征。在pH=6.6的磷酸盐缓冲溶液中,尿酸可使碳点/β-CD复合物的荧光增强,探讨了反应时间、反应温度、缓冲溶液及pH对荧光增强程度的影响,建立了测定尿样中尿酸含量的方法。碳点/β-CD复合物荧光增强程度与尿酸浓度在1.0×10^-6 mol·L^-1~3.0×10^-5 mol·L^-1范围内有良好的线性关系,回归方程为ΔF=4.8517 c+0.0106,相关系数r=1.00,检出限为4.7×10^-7 mol·L^-1。将该方法用于测定尿样中尿酸的含量,得到了令人满意的结果。     

TiO2晶面依赖的Ir-TiOx相互作用对Ir/TiO2催化剂巴豆醛选择性加氢性能的影响

α,β-不饱和醇是一类重要的精细化学品,主要通过α,β-不饱和醛选择性加氢获得.由于α,β-不饱和醛分子中含有共轭的C=C键和C=O键,且后者键能更大,在热力学和动力学上均不利于C=O键的选择性加氢生成α,β-不饱和醇.因此,提高α,β-不饱和醛中C=O的加氢选择性是催化领域中一项挑战性的课题.巴豆醛属于典型的α,β-不饱和醛,研究其选择性加氢生成巴豆醇具有广泛的代表意义;Ir负载在具有还原性载体(如TiO2)上时,表现出很好的C=O加氢选择性,因此,成为近年来的研究热点.由于暴露不同晶面的TiO2具有不同的形貌和电子结构,因此研究Ir-TiO2相互作用的晶面依赖性及其对巴豆醛选择性加氢反应的影响具有重要意义.本文以分别暴露{101}、{100}和{001}晶面的锐钛矿TiO2纳米晶为载体,制备了负载型Ir/TiO2催化剂,系统研究了催化剂经过不同的预处理过程(在不同温度下H2还原和O2再氧化)后对巴豆醛的气相选择性加氢的性能.利用高分辨透射电镜、原位X射线光电子能谱和原位漫反射红外光谱及氨程序升温脱附等技术研究发现,预处理条件显著改变了Ir-TiOx的相互作用,包括Ir金属的几何、电子性质及催化剂表面酸性.这种相互作用与TiO2的暴露晶面密切相关,从而改变了不同Ir/TiO2催化剂上不同加氢反应行为.研究结果表明,经300℃预还原的Ir/TiO2-{101}催化剂催化性能最好,在80℃下初始反应速率为166.1 μmol g-Ir-1 s-1,巴豆醇的生成转化频率为0.022 s-1.与其他催化剂相比,Ir/TiO2-{101}催化剂表面Ir0浓度最高,表面酸度适中,因此表现出最佳的催化性能.同时Ir-TiOx界面在反应中的协同作用,对H2和巴豆醛分子中C=O键的吸附和活化起到了关键作用.然而当催化剂经过400℃的H2预还原后,由于产生了强的金属-载体相互作用使得TiOx对Ir粒子进行了包裹从而导致Ir-TiOx界面缺失,因而催化剂催化巴豆醛加氢性能降低.本文为理解金属-载体相互作用对巴豆醛选择性加氢反应的影响提供了新的见解,并为设计高性能α,β-不饱和醛选择性加氢催化剂提供了理论依据.     

Sensitive Determination of 17β-Estradiol using a Magneto Sensor Based on Magnetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymer

The analysis of 17β-estradiol with high sensitivity and selectivity is extremely relevant to control the impacts that this compound can cause on health and the environment. Thus, we describe the development and application of a magneto carbon paste electrode based on magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer (MCPE-MMIP) for determination of 17β-estradiol. The analyte adsorbed on the MMIP was immobilized on the electrode surface by magnetic capture. The morphological and structural characterization of the obtained MMIP suggests that the material was effectively synthesized. MCPE-MMIP showed an improvement in the sensitivity for 17β-estradiol detection when compared to electrode configurations in the absence of this material. The optimum conditions (0.10 mol L⁻¹ phosphate buffer pH 7.0) were reached by differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetry (DPAdSV), in which the method presented linearity ranged from 0.06 to 175 μmol L⁻¹ with limits of detection and quantification of 0.02 and 0.06 μmol L⁻¹, respectively. The proposed sensor was applied effectively in the analysis of 17β-estradiol in river water and raw milk samples, exhibiting excellent recovery values (between 96.20 and 104 %), which were confirmed by HPLC analysis.     

β-二亚胺配体支持的铝胺化合物的制备及其催化ε-己内酯开环聚合的高效性能

成功合成了由β-二亚胺配体(L)支持的铝胺化合物(L)AlH(NMe2)2(L=HC(C(Me)NAr)2,Ar=2,6-iPr2C6H3)(1)。该化合物采用分步合成法进行制备,以n-BuLi与HNMe2反应生成的锂盐LiNMe2作为前驱体,进一步与(L)AlH2溶液共混通过消除LiH得到目标产物。通过核磁共振谱、元素分析、红外漫反射光谱和X射线单晶衍射确定了铝胺化合物(L)AlH(NMe2)2的组成与结构。该铝胺化合物中,金属Al中心同时形成Al-H和Al-NMe2基团,在催化ε-己内酯的开环聚合的反应中展现出了优异的催化活性。通过高效凝胶渗透色谱测定了所得聚合物的分子量和分子量分布。     

In Situ Labeling and Distance Measurements of Membrane Proteins in E. coli Using Finland and OX063 Trityl Labels

In situ investigation of membrane proteins is a challenging task. Previously we demonstrated that nitroxide labels combined with pulsed ESR spectroscopy is a promising tool for this purpose. However, the nitroxide labels suffer from poor stability, high background labeling, and low sensitivity. Here we show that Finland (FTAM) and OX063 based labels enable labeling of the cobalamin transporter BtuB and BamA, the central component of the β-barrel assembly machinery (BAM) complex, in E coli. Compared to the methanethiosulfonate spin label (MTSL), trityl labels eliminated the background signals and enabled specific in situ labeling of the proteins with high efficiency. The OX063 labels show a long phase memory time (T_M) of ≈5 μs. All the trityls enabled distance measurements between BtuB and an orthogonally labeled substrate with high selectivity and sensitivity down to a few μm concentration. Our data corroborate the BtuB and BamA conformations in the cellular environment of E. coli.     

Bulk derivatization and cation exchange restricted access media-based trap-and-elute liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method for determination of trace estrogens in serum

Estrone (E1), estradiols (α/β-E2), and estriol (E3) are four major metabolically active estrogens exerting strong biological activities at very low circulating concentrations. This paper reports a sensitive and efficient method with automated, on-line clean-up and detection to determine trace estrogens in a small volume of serum samples using liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry directly, without off-line liquid–liquid or solid-phase extraction pretreatments. Serum aliquots (charcoal stripped fetal bovine serum, 100 μL) were spiked with four estrogen standards and their corresponding isotope-labeled internal standards, then bulk derivatized with 2-fluoro-1-methyl-pyridium p-toluenesulfonate (2-FMP) to establish the calibration curves and perform method validation. Calibration was established in the concentration ranges of 5–1000 pg mL⁻¹, and demonstrated good linearity of R² from 0.9944 to 0.9997 for the four derivatized estrogens. The lower detection limits obtained were 3–7 pg mL⁻¹. Good accuracy and precision in the range of 86–112% and 2.3–11.9%, respectively, were observed for the quality control (QC) samples at low, medium, and high concentration levels. The stability tests showed that the derivatized serum samples were stable 8 h after derivatization at room temperature and at least to 48 h if stored at −20 °C. The method was applied to measure trace estrogens in real human and bovine serum samples, and three of four estrogen compounds studied were observed and quantified.     

Novel sponge-like molecularly imprinted mesoporous silica material for selective isolation of bisphenol A and its analogues from sediment extracts

Bisphenol A (BPA) imprinted sponge mesoporous silica was synthesized using a combination of semi-covalent molecular imprinting and simple self-assembly process. The molecularly imprinted sponge mesoporous silica (MISMS) material obtained was characterized by FT-IR, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and nitrogen adsorption–desorption measurements. The results show that the MISMS possessed a large specific surface area (850.55 m² g⁻¹) and a highly interconnected 3-D porous network. As a result, the MISMS demonstrated a superior specific adsorption capacity of 169.22 μmol g⁻¹ and fast adsorption kinetics (reaching equilibrium within 3 min) for BPA. Good class selectivity for BPA and its analogues (bisphenol F, bisphenol B, bisphenol E and bisphenol AF) was also demonstrated by the sorption experiment. The MISMS as solid-phase extraction (SPE) material was then evaluated for isolation and clean-up of these bisphenols (BPs) from sediment samples. An accurate and sensitive analytical method based on the MISMS–SPE coupled with HPLC–DAD has been successfully established for simultaneous determination of five BPs in river sediments with detection limits of 0.43–0.71 ng g⁻¹ dry weight (dw). The recoveries of BPs for lyophilizated sediment samples at two spiking levels (50 and 500 ng g⁻¹ dw for each BP) were in the range of 75.5–105.5% with RSD values below 7.5%.     

Tutorial review on validation of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry methods: Part I

This is the part I of a tutorial review intending to give an overview of the state of the art of method validation in liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC–MS) and discuss specific issues that arise with MS (and MS/MS) detection in LC (as opposed to the “conventional” detectors). The Part I briefly introduces the principles of operation of LC–MS (emphasizing the aspects important from the validation point of view, in particular the ionization process and ionization suppression/enhancement); reviews the main validation guideline documents and discusses in detail the following performance parameters: selectivity/specificity/identity, ruggedness/robustness, limit of detection, limit of quantification, decision limit and detection capability. With every method performance characteristic its essence and terminology are addressed, the current status of treating it is reviewed and recommendations are given, how to determine it, specifically in the case of LC–MS methods.     

Ternary mutual diffusion coefficients of aqueous {l-dopa (1) + β-CD (2)} solutions at T = 298.15 K

Ternary mutual diffusion coefficients (D₁₁, D₂₂, D₁₂ and D₂₁) measured by the Taylor dispersion method are reported for aqueous solutions of {levodopa (l-dopa) + β-cyclodextrin (β-CD)} solutions at T = 298.15 K and concentrations up to 0.007 mol · dm⁻³. Significant effects on the diffusion were observed, suggesting interactions between this carbohydrate and l-dopa. Support for this came from ¹H NMR spectroscopy, which shows that these effects are due to formation of 1:1 (β-CD:l-dopa) complexes.