Mass spectrometry and partial least-squares regression: a tool for identification of wheat variety and end-use quality

Rapid methods for the identification of wheat varieties and their end-use quality have been developed. The methods combine the analysis of wheat protein extracts by mass spectrometry with partial least-squares regression in order to predict the variety or end-use quality of unknown wheat samples. The whole process takes approximately 30 min. Extracts of alcohol-soluble storage proteins (gliadins) from wheat were analysed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Partial least-squares regression was subsequently applied using these mass spectra for making models that could predict the wheat variety or end-use quality. Previously, an artificial neural network was used to identify wheat varieties based on their protein mass spectra profiles. The present study showed that partial least-squares regression is at least as useful as neural networks for this identification. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that partial least-squares regression could be used to predict wheat end-use quality, which has not been possible using neural networks.     

Structure and thermodynamic melting parameters of wheat starches with different amylose content

The hierarchical granule structure of starches with different amylose content extracted from winter wheat was investigated using light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXS), high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry (HS DSC) and different thermodynamic approaches. Morphology (size, size distribution and shape), crystallinity of native granules with different amylose content (1.5-39.5%), as well as the cooperative melting unit, thickness of crystalline lamellae, heat capacity drop related to hydration during melting of native granules, and thermodynamic parameters related to the surface of crystalline lamellae were determined. The relationship between structure and thermodynamic properties of mutant wheat starches is discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

小麦根细胞中Ca~(2+)跨液泡膜转运的研究

用~(45)Ca~(2+)放射性标记实验证明,在小麦根细胞中,Ca~(2+)进入液泡的转运依赖于膜内外的Na~(2+)梯度。Na~(2+)/Ca~(2+)逆向转运系统对温度敏感,可被高浓度Ca~(2+)饱和,Ca~(2+)转运速度受二价和三价阳离子,如Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和La~(3+),抑制。TritonX-100破坏Na~(2+)梯度,导致Ca~(2+)转运速度减慢或完全停止。     

超高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定小麦籽粒中麦黄酮

麦黄酮是小麦中主要的黄酮类化合物,是重要的天然活性物质.应用超高效液相色谱串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS),采用大气压电喷雾离子源,负离子模式,多反应检测(MRM)定性离子对m/z 329.4/299.3和定量离子对329.4/314.3,精确测定了小麦籽粒中麦黄酮含量.小麦籽粒中麦黄酮用甲醇超声提取10 min,离心,重复3次,合并上清液,定容,过0.22 μm的微孔滤膜待测.结果表明: 麦黄酮在1.0～50.0 μg/L 范围内线性良好,r>0.99.方法检出限为1.2 μg/kg.本方法具有灵敏、快速、准确等特点,可用于小麦籽粒中麦黄酮含量的测定.     

Whole wheat flour coating with antioxidant property accelerates tissue remodeling for enhanced wound healing

As a daily food for billions of people for thousands of years,whole grain is rich in phenolic compounds and may have huge potentials to provide natural antioxidants.Herein,owing to the significant biomedical potential,the effect of whole wheat flour solution as antioxidant wound coating for enhanced wound healing has been studied.The results show that the low concentration of whole wheat flour solutions have good biocompatibility and can scavenge radical and intracellular ROS in vitro,accelerating tissue remodeling in vivo to promote wound healing.This kind of whole wheat flour solution has great potential application for cutaneous wound repair.     

麦草碱木质素的微波辅助液化降解

研究了微波辅助条件下液化剂、催化剂、反应温度和反应时间对麦草碱木质素进行液化降解制备生物油收率的影响,并利用红外光谱(FT-IR)、气相色谱质谱联用仪(GC-MS)和核磁共振氢谱(1H-NMR)对产物进行表征。结果表明,微波辅助下以甲醇为液化剂,硫酸铁为催化剂液化降解碱木质素可以显著缩短液化反应时间,在160℃相对较低液化温度下反应5 min,生物油的收率达到55.22%。液化降解后的木质素残渣结构变化少,表明木质素降解产物的重新聚合的几率低,碱木质素反应原料可以回收再利用以提高原料利用率。生物油主要为单酚类物质,其中,S型、G型和H型单体的含量分别为57.72%、25.28%和8.98%。核磁共振氢谱中β-O-4键和C-C键质子峰的存在说明生物油中含有部分的二聚体和低聚体酚类化合物。     

利用无人机高光谱估算冬小麦叶绿素含量

叶绿素含量（SPAD）是作物长势评价的重要指标,可以监测农作物的生长状况,对农业管理至关重要,因此快速、准确地估算SPAD具有重要意义。以冬小麦为研究对象,利用无人机高光谱获取了拔节期、挑旗期和开花期的影像数据,获取植被指数和红边参数,研究植被指数与红边参数估算SPAD的能力。先将植被指数与红边参数分别与不同生育期的SPAD进行相关性分析,再基于植被指数、植被指数结合红边参数,通过偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）方法估算SPAD,最后制作SPAD分布图验证模型的有效性。结果表明,（1）大部分植被指数与红边参数在3个主要生育期与SPAD相关性均达到极显著水平（0.01显著）;（2）单个植被指数构建的SPAD估算模型中,LCI表现最好（R2=0.56,RMSE=2.96,NRMSE=8.14%）,红边参数中Dr/Dr_min表现最好（R2=0.49,RMSE=3.18,NRMSE=8.76%）;（3）基于植被指数结合红边参数构建的SPAD估算模型效果最佳,优于仅基于植被指数构建的SPAD估算模型,同时,随着生育期推移,两种模型均在开花期达到最高精度,R2分别为0.73和0.78,RMSE分别为2.49和2.22,NRMSE分别为5.57%和4.95%。因此,基于植被指数结合红边参数,并使用PLSR方法可以更好地估算SPAD,可以为基于无人机遥感的SPAD监测提供一种新的方法,也可为农业管理提供参考。     

Wheat Bran Modifications for Enhanced Nutrition and Functionality in Selected Food Products

The established use of wheat bran (WB) as a food ingredient is related to the nutritional components locked in its dietary fibre. Concurrently, the technological impairment it poses has impeded its use in product formulations. For over two decades, several modifications have been investigated to combat this problem. Ninety-three (93) studies (review and original research) published in English between January 1997 and April 2021 reporting WB modifications for improved nutritional, structural, and functional properties and prospective utilisation in food formulations were included in this paper. The modification methods include mechanical (milling), bioprocessing (enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation with yeasts and bacteria), and thermal (dry heat, extrusion, autoclaving), treatments. This review condenses the current knowledge on the single and combined impact of various WB pre-treatments on its antioxidant profile, fibre solubilisation, hydration properties, microstructure, chemical properties, and technological properties. The use of modified WB in gluten-free, baked, and other food products was reviewed and possible gaps for future research are proposed. The application of modified WB will have broader application prospects in food formulations.     

LaCl3对硝态氮供应下小麦根系生长的影响

选择石麦15、衡观35两个品种小麦为供试作物,进行营养液培养,研究不同浓度硝态氮供应下Ca2+通道阻断剂LaCl3对小麦苗期根系形态特征的影响。结果表明:添加Ca2+通道阻断剂LaCl3后,3种浓度硝态氮处理的小麦根系初生根长度、侧根长度、根系总长度、侧根平均长度均较不添加LaCl3处理显著变短;直径(>0.45 mm)范围内根系所占比例增加。不施用硝态氮条件下,与不添加LaCl3处理相比,LaCl3处理对小麦植株地上部NO3-含量变化不大,但一级侧根数量明显减少,2.5和50.0 mmol.L-1硝态氮施用时,LaCl3处理侧根分布密度增加,衡观35较石麦15更明显。结论初步认为:Ca2+通道阻断剂LaCl3施用,影响小麦根系生长发育:根系伸长受抑,根系变粗,若施用硝态氮,侧根数量分布增加。     

Preparation and Evaluation of Carboxymethylated Lignin as Dispersant for Aqueous Graphite Suspension Using Turbiscan Lab Analyzer

Carboxymethylated lignin (CML) was prepared from wheat straw alkali lignin (WAL) via carboxymethylation modification. The characterizations using FTIR, ¹³C NMR, and ¹H–¹³C HSQC NMR suggest that carboxyl groups are introduced into WAL structure successfully and there are two different active sites substituted by carboxymethyl groups. Moreover, the dispersion efficiency of CML was evaluated using the Turbiscan Lab analyzer. Effects of CML dosage and suspension pH on the dispersion stability of aqueous graphite suspension were investigated. The result shows that the dispersion stability of aqueous graphite suspension prepared with CML of 1.0% dosage at suspension pH 6.7 is obviously improved.