自旋极化的电流——2007年度诺贝尔物理学奖评述

2007年诺贝尔物理学奖授予法国物理学家阿尔贝.费尔(Albert Fert)和德国物理学家彼得.格伦贝格(Peter Grünberg),以表彰他们发现了巨磁电阻(giant magnetoresistance,GMR)效应.这是在铁磁和非磁薄膜交替组成的人工超晶格中观察到的.GMR现象起源于载流子自旋与材料磁性的相互作用.该效应的应用革新了硬盘中读取数据的技术,使硬盘技术在过去十年得到飞速发展;另一方面,GMR效应的发现是新的自旋电子学的开端.通过电子自旋的量子效应,人们可以期待更多的发现和创新技术.     

ACCURATE DETERMINATION OF FILM THICKNESS BY LOW-ANGLE X-RAY REFLECTION

A modified Bragg law for straightforward determining the film thickness by low-angle X-ray reflection was derived based on the geometrical optical theory. We showed that this modified Bragg law and its inference formulae could be used to accurately determine the thickness of the monolayer or multilayer film. Furthermore, the modified Bragg law for determining the superlattice period presented earlier by others can be derived from the above modified Bragg law. The similar inference formulae were also given. The precision in determining the film thickness and/or superlattice period by the above formulae was discussed.