超级微波消解电感耦合等离子体质谱法 测定土壤中13种元素

建立了超级微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）测定多类型土壤基质中钒、铬、锰、钴、镍、铜、锌、砷、钼、锑、铊、铅和铀等13种元素含量的方法。采用超级微波消解法对样品进行前处理,比较了超级微波前处理与常规微波前处理消解效果,并优化了消解酸体系。在最优条件下,13种元素的的方法检出限（LOD）为0.0002~0.2 mg/kg,方法定量限（LOQ）范围为0.001~0.6mg/kg。在0~500 μg/L范围内线性回归系数（R2）在0.9996~1.0000,各元素加标回收率在76.3%~126%,此方法准确度可以满足复杂基体样品多元素同时测定的需求,一次样品前处理可实现18个样品的同时测定,相较于常规前处理方法大幅减少酸使用的同时更加安全、高效、不易污染样品,可为土壤重金属污染监测工作提供可靠的分析方法支撑。     

水载流-原子荧光光谱法同时测定土壤中痕量砷、汞

改变原子荧光光谱法以稀酸为载流的进样方式,以水为载流在新型双道原子荧光光谱仪上同时测定了土壤中的痕量砷(As)、汞(Hg)。采用王水水浴加热溶解样品,用50 g/L硫脲-抗坏血酸混合溶液预先将砷还原为As(Ⅲ),保持10%(体积分数)以上盐酸浓度,不转移直接定容静置后测定。优化了仪器工作条件,详细考察了以水为载流测定的可行性,选择了同时测定As、Hg所需的硼氢化钾浓度和盐酸浓度。节省了酸试剂用量,操作快速,单个样品测定仅需20 s左右。方法检出限As为0.005 mg/kg,Hg为0.0008 mg/kg,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=7)在1.0%~7.4%,经土壤国家标准物质和实际样品验证,适合土壤中痕量As、Hg的同时快速测定。     

Ornamental Plant Efficiency for Heavy Metals Phytoextraction from Contaminated Soils Amended with Organic Materials

Accumulation of heavy metals (HMs) by ornamental plants (OPs) from contaminated agriculture soils is a unique technique that can efficiently reduce the metal load in the food chain. Amaranthus tricolor L. has attractive characteristics acquiring a higher growth rate and large biomass when grown at heavy metal contaminated soils. Site-specific detailed information is not available on the use of A. tricolor plant in metal phytoremediation from the polluted sites. The study aimed to enhance the uptake of HMs (Pb, Zn, and Cu) via amending poultry litter extract (PLE), vinasse sugarcane (VSC), and humic acid (HA) as natural mobilized organic materials compared to ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), as a common mobilized chemical agent by A. tricolor plant. The studied soils collected from Helwan, El-Gabal El-Asfar (Cairo Governorate), Arab El-Madabeg (Assiut Governorate), Egypt, and study have been conducted under pot condition. Our results revealed all organic materials in all studied soils, except EDTA in EL-Gabal El-Asfar soil, significantly increased the dry weight of the A. tricolor plant compared to the control treatment. The uptake of Pb and Zn significantly (p > 0.05) increased due to applying all organic materials to the studied soils. HA application caused the highest uptake as shown in Pb concentration by more than 5 times in Helwan soil and EDTA by 65% in El-Gabal El-Asfar soil while VSC increased it by 110% in El-Madabeg soil. Also, an increase in Zn concentration due to EDTA application was 58, 42, and 56% for Helwan, El-Gabal El-Asfar, and El-Madabeg soil, respectively. In all studied soils, the application of organic materials increased the remediation factor (RF) than the control. El-Madabeg soil treated with vinasse sugarcane gave the highest RF values; 6.40, 3.26, and 4.02% for Pb, Zn, and Cu, respectively, than the control. Thus, we identified A. tricolor as a successful ornamental candidate that, along with organic mobilization amendments, most efficiently develop soil health, reduce metal toxicity, and recommend remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils. Additionally, long-term application of organic mobilization amendments and continued growth of A. tricolor under field conditions could be recommended for future directions to confirm the results.     

粉末压片—X射线荧光光谱法测定土壤中的铜铅锌砷锑钴铬镍等重金属元素

采用粉末压片法制样,使用ZSX PrimusⅡ型X射线荧光光谱仪,对土壤样品中与生命健康和环境污染有直接影响的重金属元素Cu、Pb、Zn、As、Sb、Co、Cr、Ni进行同时测定.选用土壤国家标准物质、以国家标准物质为基体自制校准物质绘制标准曲线,解决了相关标准不足的问题,拓宽了元素测定范围(10~20 000μg/g),重点探讨了As、Sb的测量条件.虽然As、Sb的检出限和准确测定下限较高,但对于土壤质量的评价有重要的参考意义.方法快速、简便、准确.     

HPLC–ICP–MS法测定农田土壤中甲基汞和乙基汞

采用HPLC反相C18柱分离、ICP–MS检测,建立了农田土壤中甲基汞和乙基汞的分析方法。以0.5mol/L的硝酸溶液为浸提剂,超声波提取1 h,在优化的仪器条件下测定,甲基汞和乙基汞的质量浓度在0.1~50ng/m L范围内与谱线强度呈良好线性关系(r≥0.999),检出限分别为0.1,0.2 ng/m L;加标回收率分别为89.26%~94.26%,76.88%~79.27%;相对标准偏差分别为1.67%~2.38%,2.58%~3.84%(n=5)。该方法样品前处理简单、重现性好、检出限低、准确度高,适合于农田土壤中甲基汞和乙基汞的同时测定。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定土壤中痕量铀

建立电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定土壤样品中痕量铀含量的方法。采用硝酸、氢氟酸、高氯酸混合酸消解样品后,以铼为内标溶液校正基体干扰,用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定土壤中的痕量铀含量。实验结果表明,铀的质量浓度在0~20 ng/m L范围内与信号强度呈线性关系,相关系数r=0.999 9,方法检出限为0.006μg/g,测定结果的相对标准偏差小于5%(n=6),加标回收率在96%~103%之间。用该方法与标准方法对同一样品进行测定,两种方法测定结果一致。该方法准确可靠,满足土壤样品中痕量铀含量的测定要求。     

元素分析仪测定土壤、沉积物样品碳氮含量的影响因素及数据校正

使用元素分析仪进行土壤、沉积物样品碳、氮含量检测时,样品前处理过程(烘干和酸化)、包样质量以及参考标准品等因素均会对检测结果造成影响.试验结果表明:酸化导致氮百分质量的测定结果降低2.6%~40.0%,碳百分质量的测定受包样质量的影响较大,使用的校正标准与被测样品越相似,校正结果越准确.     

荆门热电厂厂区膨胀土等级的可拓评价研究

运用可拓学的基本理论,建立了膨胀土可拓评价模型。以此模型为基础,对荆门热电厂的膨胀土进行了可拓综合评价,并将判别结果与分级膨胀量评价法的判别结果进行了对比,其结果是一致的,说明该方法是可行的。     

软土地基变形的混沌性与承载力识别

本文以混沌理论为基础, 分析了软土地基变形的混沌性态, 并采用映射函数f(x)=ax²+c来拟合软土地基的沉降-载荷曲线。根据映射函数的不动点, 对软土地基加固前后的承载力进行了识别, 并与按相对变形值确定的承载力进行了比较。     

粗粒土与结构接触面受载过程中的损伤

进行了粗粒上与结构接触面单调和循环加载试验,基于宏细观测量结果,扩展了损伤概念以描述该类接触面在受载过程中的物态演化,及由于物态演化导致的力学特性从初始状态到最终稳定状态的连续变化过程.揭示了接触面损伤的细观物理基础主要是接触面内土的颗牲破碎和剪切压密这两种物态演化;指出接触面的剪胀体应变可以划分为可逆性和不可逆性剪胀体应变两部分,其中不可逆性剪胀体应变可作为接触面损伤发展的宏观量度,因此其归一化形式可作为一种损伤因子的定义;提出了建立粗粒土与结构接触面一种损伤本构关系的基本思路.