用煤标准样品校准-脉冲熔融样品-热导法测定炼钢用增碳剂中的氮含量

提出了用煤标准样品校准仪器,脉冲加热样品融熔-热导法测定炼钢用增碳剂中氮含量。试验结果表明:①增碳剂样品须粉碎至粒径为0.180mm并在空气干燥的条件下制备;②根据所用氧氮测定仪的工作性能,选取样品的称样量在3.0~7.0mg之间,并与校准样品的称样量基本保持一致;所称取样品包裹于锡囊中进行分析;③由于存在样品基体对测定氮的影响,应使测定样品与校准仪器的标准样品在成分形态方面尽可能保持相似;用煤标准样品对仪器进行校准更为合理;④按本方法所得测定值与国家标准方法的测定结果一致,符合标准方法中要求的精密度。     

硫酸铵中氮含量的电位滴定检测

建立一种酸碱电位滴定法直接测定硫酸铵中氮含量的方法。样品溶解后,可直接用氢氧化钠标准滴定溶液进行滴定。为了保证检测的准确度,分别使用硫酸铵高纯试剂和邻苯二甲酸氢钾基准试剂对氢氧化钠标准滴定溶液进行标定,并对标定结果进行比较,两种方法基本无差异。同时,通过适量硫酸的加入避免了样品中游离硫酸对检测结果的影响。该方法检测速度快、检测精度高、绿色环保、易于控制,非常适合于硫酸铵中氮含量的检测。将本方法与蒸馏后滴定法(仲裁法)检测结果进行比较,两种方法无显著性差异。采用本方法测得氮含量的加标回收率为99.9 %-100.3 %,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)为0.03 %-0.05 %。分别使用实验方法和蒸馏后滴定法测定不同样品的氮含量,结果相吻合。     

高频红外碳硫分析仪对碳化硅质耐火材料中高含量碳化硅的测定

采用高频红外碳硫分析仪对高含量的碳化硅质耐火材料中的碳化硅含量进行分析。通过大量的条件实验,详尽地分析了影响测定结果的各种因素,并确定了实验的最佳条件。采用高含量的碳化硅C-2号标准样品以及碳化硅含量确定的样品1#对分析结果进行校正。分别校正后碳化硅的测定值为81.74%和81.67%。通过化学分析方法进行比对(81.70%),测定结果准确、可信。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定钼铁合金中的钼含量

采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-OES)测定钼铁合金试样(钼质量分数为55%~65%)中的钼含量,单点校准获得了较好的线性.样品经酸化后微波消解处理,采用钇元素作为内标以减少仪器波动的影响,在波长202.030 nm的分析谱线处测得钼元素的最佳发射强度.检测结果显示微波消解的样品溶解时间可缩短为重量法的14%,检测结果的相对标准偏差为0.17%~0.22%,采用标准样品验证结果的准确度与重量法无显著差异,可以为ICP-OES法检测高含量组分提供参考.     

自动元素分析仪测定碳纤维中氮、碳、氢

利用Vario ELⅢ型元素分析仪测定了碳纤维中氮、碳和氢的含量。优化的试验条件为:称样量2.1～2.4 mg,加氧时间120 s,燃烧管温度980℃。选用乙酰苯胺计算当天校正因子,方法用于碳纤维和石墨样品分析,含碳量在88.05%～99.46%之间,而在绝大多数样品中氮和氢的质量分数都小于0.30%。     

直读光谱法测定合金工具钢中铬、锰和钼

建立了ARL-4460直读光谱仪对Cr12、Cr12MoV中铬、锰、钼元素的快速检测方法。使用基体铁作为内标元素,测定标准样品中铬、锰、钼元素的相对强度,减少了外界电压不稳对绝对强度稳定性的影响;由于标准样品中基体铁含量不同,为减少内标元素含量的变化对工作曲线相关系数和估计标准差的影响,使用相对含量校正工作曲线。在优化的实验条件下,试样中三种元素的相对标准偏差分别为0.68%、0.79%和1.7%(n=11)。测定结果与化学分析方法测定结果一致,可实现合金工具钢中铬、锰和钼的快速检测。     

高频燃烧红外分析法测定混凝土中的硫含量

采用高频红外碳硫仪快速测定混凝土中的硫含量.通过试验确定了适宜的分析条件:以水泥标准物质校正仪器,以铁屑、钨粒加锡粒为助熔剂,称样量为0.03～0.2g.用该法对4种混凝土样品进行测定,测定结果与化学法测定结果相吻合,5次测定结果的相对标准偏差不大于4%,精密度较为理想.     

元素分析仪测定土壤氮、碳含量的不确定度评定

用实例对元素分析仪测定土壤氮、碳含量不确定度进行评定.分析讨论了测定过程中不确定度的来源、不确定度分量的计算.结果表明,影响土壤碳、氮含量测定不确定度的主要因素是标准物质的引入和标准曲线的绘制.     

国际实验室间转基因产品检测能力验证的研究

以转基因大豆为例，介绍开展APLAC T034国际间实验室转基因检测能力验证的项目。对于样品量值(添加值)的设定进行试验，对样品的均匀性和稳定性进行检验，并对参试实验室的测试结果进行系统的评价和分析。影响转基因产品测试结果的关键因素是检测方法、基因组DNA提取的质量、PCR反应体系中模板DNA的加入量．以及是否使用标准物质作为质控对照和使用定量标准物质求出相关系数对定量检测结果进行校正。     

气相分子吸收光谱法在地表水氨氮监测中的应用北大核心CSCD

气相分子吸收光谱法测定环境地表水中氨氮含量的标准方法研究还不全面,因此考察了水样的保存、亚硝酸盐、Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)、I^(-)、硫化物对其测定结果的影响.结果表明,采集地表水样后立即加入硫酸使水样酸化至pH<2,密闭,可延长样品保存时间至7 d,但尽量在24 h内进行测定;气相分子吸收光谱法测定氨氮水样时,当亚硝酸盐含量较高时,在氨氮除亚氮功能模式下已不能消除干扰,必须在水样分析前采用加热煮沸或预蒸馏前处理方式;水中Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)、25倍以下质量浓度的I^(-)和10倍质量浓度以下的硫化物对气相分子吸收光谱法氨氮测定没有显著干扰.本方法的检出限(3.143s)为0.02 mg·L^(-1),按标准加入法进行回收试验,回收率为94.7%~101%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)为0.70%~4.7%.采用气相分子吸收光谱法分析标准样品,其测定结果均在标准样品认定值的允许偏差范围内.与纳氏试剂分光光度法的测定结果相比,预蒸馏-气相分子吸收光谱法具有更好的精密度和准确度.     

容量法与失重法测定碳钢腐蚀速率的比较研究

静态失重法是一种测定酸化腐蚀速率的基本方法,但存在耗时长、操作繁琐等缺点。为了弥补静态失重法的不足,研究了容量法测定腐蚀速率的可行性,分析了两种方法所测结果存在差异的原因。结果表明,容量法与失重法测得的腐蚀速率有较高的一致性,其相对平均偏差未超过4%。最后根据接触角测试结果,分析了产生这种偏差的原因。     

Statistical validation of sulfate quantification methods used for analysis of acid mine drainage

Turbidimetric method (TM), ion chromatography (IC) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) with and without acid digestion have been compared and validated for the determination of sulfate in mining wastewater. Analytical methods were chosen to compare the performance of a portable field turbidimetric instrument and to validate the underlying assumption utilized in conversion of total sulfur to sulfate during ICP-AES analysis. Accuracy and precision of analytical techniques were compared to one another using control and field samples collected from a mine site using the Bonferroni multiple comparison test. Effects of sample dilution, filter pore size and acidification on sulfate quantification were also studied. The results showed that IC and ICP-AES with and without acid digestion provided excellent recoveries in the case of control samples (within 90-110%). These analytical methods also showed lower relative standard deviation for both control and field samples. On the other hand, performance of the turbidimetric method was severely affected by sample dilution and acidification, and also revealed poor sulfate recoveries for control samples ranging from 0 to 83.5%. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to evaluate the response (sulfate concentration) obtained from factorial design. Analytical method had significant effect (P < 0.0001) on the sulfate quantification. The interaction between determination method and sample dilution was more significant than other two-way interactions.     

Determination of hydrazine and hydrazine derivatives using bromine monochloride as standard solution

A method was evolved for the determination of hydrazine and hydrazine derivatives (such as phenylhydrazine, semicarbazide, iso-nicotinic hydrazide) with the use of standard bromine monochloride solution. The titration values are not affected by the degree of acidification or by the nature of the acid used.

On the basis of the experimental results the principle of the Kurtenacker method of hydrazine determination is interpreted.     

The application of direct current plasma spectrometry to the study of the fractionation of iron and phosphorus in surface waters

By use of a direct-current plasma as the excitation source for atomic-emission measurements, samples containing various amounts of particulate matter can be analysed with precisions of better than +/- 10% relative standard deviation provided that particle agglomeration is controlled by acidification and/or filtration. Sample acidification and filtration can have profound effects on the determination of elemental fractionation and distribution in surface waters. By application of a controlled acidification and filtration process, the fraction of an element that is particle-bound and that which is soluble in water can be estimated. The magnitudes of the particle-bound and water-soluble fractions are influenced by a number of factors, including the concentration and average size of the solids in the water, the position of the sample in the water column, and the type of sediment underlying the water column.     

Effect of acidification on elemental and isotopic compositions of sediment organic matter and macro‐invertebrate muscle tissues in food web research

Stable isotope techniques in food web studies often focus on organic carbon in food sources which are subsequently assimilated in the tissue of consumer organisms through diet. The presence of non‐dietary carbonates in bulk samples can affect their δ¹³C values, altering how their results are interpreted. Acidification of samples is a common practice to eliminate any inorganic carbon present prior to analysis. We examined the effects of pre‐analysis acidification on two size fractions of sediment organic matter (SOM) from marine and freshwater wetlands and pure muscle tissue of a common freshwater invertebrate (Cherax destructor). The elemental content and isotopic ratios of carbon and nitrogen were compared between paired samples of acidified and control treatments. Our results showed that acidification does not affect the elemental or isotopic values of freshwater SOM. In the marine environment acidification depleted the δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values of the fine fraction of saltmarsh and δ¹⁵N values of mangrove fine SOM. Whilst acidification did not change the elemental content of invertebrate muscle tissue, the δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values were affected. We recommend to researchers considering using acidification techniques on material prepared for stable isotope analysis that a formal assessment of the effect of acidification on their particular sample type should be undertaken. Further detailed investigation to understand the impact of acidification on elemental and isotopic values of organic matter and muscular tissues is required. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Pretreatment technique for siderite removal for organic carbon isotope and C:N ratio analysis in geological samples

A method for the removal of siderite from geological samples to determine organic carbon isotope compositions using elemental analysis isotope ratio mass spectrometry is presented which includes calculations for % organic carbon in samples that contain diagenetic carbonate. The proposed method employs in situ acidification of geological samples with 6 N HCl and silver capsule sample holders and was tested on modern peach leaf samples (NIST 1547) and ancient lacustrine samples from Valles Caldera, New Mexico. The in situ acidification technique eliminates potential errors associated with the removal of soluble organic material using standard acid decanting techniques and allows for removal of the less soluble siderite, which is not efficiently removed using vapor acidification techniques.     

Modification of Trace Element Concentrations in Natural Waters by Various Field Sampling Techniques

Abstract

A study was undertaken to determine the effects of sample collection and preservation methods. Four different methods of sample collection and preservation are evaluated to determine effects on twenty-three different samples for eighteen dissolved inorganic species. Cleanliness and filtering apparatus had far more effect on the results than did the method of collection. The method recommended is for sample collection with minimum processing in the field, and expeditious return to the laboratory for filtering and acidification.     

碱熔融-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定氧化铟锡烧结混合粉中5种杂质元素

采用氢氧化钠熔融样品,热水浸取后盐酸酸化,建立了碱熔融-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定氧化铟锡烧结混合粉中Fe、Ca、Mg、Al和Si等元素的分析方法.试验结果表明:称取0.500 0 g试样,加入0.80 g氢氧化钠,在灰化炉中熔融120 min,可将样品完全溶解.基体铟和锡的干扰采用基体匹配法消除,被测元素之间没有光谱干扰.钠盐对硅的测定有一定影响,可在标准溶液中加入一定量氢氧化钠予以消除.对方法进行精密度和加标回收试验,测得结果的相对标准偏差均小于5%,方法加标回收率在90%~105%之间.     

合并通道–原子荧光光谱法测定地表水中汞

建立合并通道–原子荧光光谱法测定地表水中超痕量汞的分析方法。采用微孔滤膜过滤、盐酸酸化处理地表水,以合并通道技术提高原子化效率,研究了合并通道对灵敏度以及检出限的影响。在优化的实验条件下,汞含量在0~2μg/L范围内与原子荧光响应值呈良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.999 1,检出限为0.000 3μg/L,测定结果的相对标准偏差小于5%(n=7),加标回收率在82.0%~110.0%之间。该法准确可靠,检出限低,可用于地表水中超痕量汞的检测。     

惰气熔融-红外法测定镍钛合金中的氧含量

针对镍钛(NiTi)合金中的氧含量进行研究,建立了惰气熔融-红外吸收法测定NiTi合金中氧含量的新方法。研究了不同助熔剂、称样量、分析功率、分析时间及比较器水平对测定结果的影响。确定采用镍做助熔剂,分析功率为4.0至5.5kW,分析时间为30s,比较水平为2的条件对NiTi合金中氧含量进行测定。惰气熔融-红外法测定NiTi合金氧含量相对标准偏差为1.8%,对标准样品的测定结果与标准值基本相符。方法操作简单,分析速度快,能满足生产要求,对工艺研究和产品质量控制具有积极意义。