Procedure for determining manufacturing defects in a diesel engine in a workshop

Customers’ demands regarding the quality level of automobile vehicles are constantly increasing. These demands include noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) quality as an important item.The main source of NVH in the vehicle is the engine and this is particularly the case for diesel engines. The design effort to reduce the emissions of noise and vibration transmitted to the vehicle’s driver could be lessened because of the assembly process variation and assembly errors.In the present paper, a procedure for assessing these variations or errors is suggested in order to maintain NVH performances within the limits of the design and achieve the quality level expected by customers.In order to achieve it, the measurement of the engine vibration level through three sensors allocated at strategic points is suggested. Some objective criteria based on the vibration level at certain frequencies are established to determine possible assembly defects as a final step of the assembly process.     

Simulation of flame lift-off on a diesel jet using a generalized flame surface density modeling approach

A generalized flame surface density modelling approach is presented to simulate the transient ignition and flame stabilization of a diesel jet flame, for which experimental data are available. The approach consists of four submodels: a mixing model, a generalized flame surface density model, a generalized progress variable model, and a chemistry model. A database containing the laminar model reaction rates per unit generalized flame surface density is generated by solving the unsteady flamelet equations. The RANS-CFD code solves for the mean flame surface density and mean progress variable. The coupling of the models is done via the progress variable and the scalar dissipation rate. The proposed approach is found to be adapted to simulate such a lifted flame and yields good trend agreement for ignition delay and flame lift-off vs. liquid penetration. These first promising results are encouraging to further explore and to apply this method to a more industrial configuration such as a diesel engine.     

Quantitative laser-induced fluorescence measurements of nitric oxide in a heavy-duty Diesel engine

We present quantitative, in-cylinder, UV-laser-induced fluorescence measurements of nitric oxide in a heavy-duty Diesel engine. Processing of the raw fluorescence signals includes a detailed correction, based on additional measurements, for the effect of laser beam and fluorescence attenuation, and for the pressure and temperature dependence of the fluorescence efficiency, based on numerical modelling. These corrections are largest early in the stroke, when quenching rates are high and UV transmission is low. Together, they vary over more than three orders of magnitude during the combustion stroke. Fully quantitative results are realised by an overall calibration using independent concentration measurements in the exhaust gas. The data provide evidence of NO formation during both the premixed and mixing-controlled combustion phases.     

Three-dimensional modelling of NOx and particulate traps using CFD: A porous medium approach

Lean burn after-treatment systems are the current focus for reducing emissions from diesel exhaust. The trend is for commercial CFD packages to use a single channel modelling approach. Due to computational demands, this necessitates specification of representative channels for modelling, implying prior knowledge of the flow field. This paper investigates a methodology for applying the porous medium approach to lean burn after-treatment systems. This approach has proved successful for three-way catalysis modelling and has the advantage that the flow field is predicted. Chemical kinetic rates for NO_x trapping and regeneration in the model are based on information available in the open literature. Similarly, filtration information based on mass accumulation and soot combustion kinetics are also readily available. Modification of the source terms in a commercial CFD package enables prediction of trapping and release of NO_x. This is an effective way to model a NO_x trap after-treatment system and provides simultaneous 3D modelling of the flow field. With diesel, particulate filtration is required. In the case of particulate traps, however, because of channel geometry, some assumptions are necessary for use of the porous medium approach and these are discussed in this paper. Both models produce qualitatively correct output and have parameters that can be tuned to conform to experimental data. Data to validate the NO_x trap model is to be measured. The particulate trap model, on the other hand, is a feasibility study for modelling the complete diesel after-treatment system using the porous medium approach.     

制备方法对V2O5/WO3-TiO2催化剂脱除柴油车尾气中NOx的影响

分别采用普通浸渍法(VWTi-con)和超声辅助浸渍法(VWTi-HUST)制备了V2O5/WO3-TiO2催化剂,并用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、拉曼光谱和X射线光电子能谱等技术对催化剂进行了表征,评价了水热老化前后两种催化剂的NH3-SCR脱除模拟柴油车尾气中NOx的反应活性,并与国外成熟商品催化剂进行了比较.结果表明,制备方法可影响V2O5/WO3-TiO2催化剂的水热稳定性,VWTi-con催化剂老化后几乎完全失活,而VWTi-HUST具有优异的水热稳定性,与国外成熟商品催化剂性能相当.与传统浸渍法相比,超声辅助浸渍法增强了活性物种和载体的相互作用,提高了活性组分的分散性等.采用该法制备的VWTi-HUST催化剂将具有较强的商业应用性;台架试验正在进行中,以期满足柴油车国IV排放标准的要求.     

Gas chromatographic retention index as a basis for predicting evaporation rates of complex mixtures

Models that predict the fate of petroleum fuels in the environment are often required for effective remediation of fuel-contaminated sites. In this research, an environmental fuel spill was simulated by means of a diesel/water microcosm, in which the temporal changes in composition were assessed during evaporation by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). First-order kinetic rate constants were calculated for 51 selected compounds and utilized to develop predictive models for evaporation rate constants, using GC retention indices on a nonpolar stationary phase. Models were initially developed to predict rates of evaporation of compounds from individual classes (normal alkane, branched alkane, alkyl benzene, and polycyclic hydrocarbon) and then expanded to include all compounds (comprehensive model). Using the comprehensive model, the rate constants were predicted with a mean absolute percent error (MAPE) of 10%, whereas the class-specific models resulted in less error (4–8%). These models were employed to predict the fraction remaining of the total fuel (6% error) as well as the fraction remaining of individual compounds (13% MAPE). Accurate models such as these will facilitate remediation of environmental releases of petroleum products.     

表面覆盖SiO2用于提高Pt-Pd/CeO2-ZrO2-Al2O3商用柴油机氧化型催化剂的抗硫性

向Pt-Pd/CeO₂-ZrO₂-Al₂O₃ （Pt-Pd/CZA）商用柴油机氧化型催化剂（DOC）中加入多孔SiO₂以提高其抗硫性. 使用多层涂覆法在Pt-Pd/CZA 催化剂表面覆盖一层多孔SiO₂,从而制得SiO₂/Pt-Pd/CeO₂-ZrO₂-Al₂O₃（SiO₂/Pt-Pd/CZA）抗硫DOC. 并使用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）,H₂程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）,氮气吸脱附,X射线能谱（EDX）和热重分析（TGA）等对其进行表征. SEM结果显示,SiO₂层以多孔形式均匀覆盖在催化剂表面. 氮气吸脱附结果表明,所添加的SiO₂的织构性质与Pt-Pd/CZA 催化剂的织构性质相似,因而表面覆盖的SiO₂并未明显改变Pt-Pd/CZA催化剂的比表面积和孔结构. H₂-TPR结果证实表面覆盖的SiO₂不影响Pt-Pd/CZA催化剂的还原性能. EDX和TGA结果说明表面覆盖SiO₂可以抑制硫物种在催化剂表面的形成及累积. 最终,本文所制备的SiO₂/Pt-Pd/CZA催化剂在保持Pt-Pd/CZA商用DOC的高活性及耐久性的同时有效提高了其抗硫性.     

基于灰色关联神经网络的主机热力参数监测研究

为了对船舶主动力系统的热力性能参数进行监测研究,以确保故障预警的可靠性,针对主机热力参数间的非线性关系,建立了基于灰色关联分析的BP神经网络监测模型(GRA-BP),通过灰色关联分析和信息熵加权对网络输入量进行预处理,并利用遗传算法优化网络的初始权值和阈值,提高模型监测精度。最后,以实船主机排气温度为待监测对象,验证了该监测模型的准确性,平均相对误差为0.549℃,优于传统网络的监测结果。     

Influence of supporting materials on the deactivation of diesel exhaust catalysts

Two kinds of vehicle-aged diesel oxidation catalysts were analyzed. The phase transition of alumina as a support and Pt sintering after a long-time operation caused serious deactivation of the catalysts.     

Numerical investigation of the spray-mesh-turbulence interactions for high-pressure, evaporating sprays at engine conditions

This work presents a numerical methodology to simulate evaporating, high pressure Diesel sprays using the Eulerian-Lagrangian approach. Specific sub-models were developed to describe the liquid spray injection and breakup, and the influence of the liquid jet on the turbulence viscosity in the vicinity of the nozzle. To reduce the computational time and easily solve the problem of the grid dependency, the possibility to dynamically refine the grid where the fuel-air mixing process takes place was also included.The validity of the proposed approach was firstly verified simulating an evaporating spray in a constant-volume vessel at non-reacting conditions. The availability of a large quantity of experimental data allowed us to investigate in detail the effects of grid size, ambient diffusivity and used spray sub-models. In this way, different guidelines were derived for a successful simulation of the fuel-air mixture formation process. Finally, fuel injection and evaporation were simulated in an optical engine geometry and computed mixture fraction distributions were compared with experimental data.