氢氧化铁沉淀分离富集催化极谱法测定铅基合金中硒

探讨了５０μｇ以下的硒与氢氧化铁共沉淀的因素和分离铅基合金中硒的条件，从而成功地利用催化极谱法测定铅基合金中硒。分析范围在０．０５％－０．０００５％，回收率在９１．５％－１０５％间。应用于铅基合金中硒的测定，获得满意的结果。     

Chromium(IV) Stabilisation in New Ceramic Matrices by Coprecipitation Method: Application as Ceramic Pigments

In this paper the stabilization of Cr⁴⁺ in new ceramic matrices as willemite Zn₂SiO₄ and galium‐gadolinium garnet GGG (Gd₃Ga₅O₁₂) is studied and compared with the chromium‐sphene ceramic pigment using the traditional solid reaction and an unconventional coprecipitation method.The chromate amount etched from the powders using Cr^III and Cr^VI precursors on ceramic and coprecipitation routes are analysed in order to evaluate the environmental impact on the waste water. Cr‐willemite and codoped Ca, Cr‐GGG produces solid solutions of Cr⁴⁺ ion occupying tetrahedral and dodecahedral sites, respectively, while Cr⁴⁺ into sphene lattice occupies octahedral sites. Cr‐willemite are stable when used as ceramic pigment in habitual tile glazes but Cr‐GGG unstabilses and produces green colour associated to Cr³⁺ solved in the glaze. Coprecipitate powders are more reactive than ceramic powders but in Cr‐GGG stabilizes the metastable Ca₃Cr₂O₈ oxide. Chromate amount in washing hot water are not dependent of the chromium precursor but depends of the allowed reactivity level and the reaction media.     

Coprecipitation of heavy metals with erbium hydroxide for their flame atomic absorption spectrometric determinations in environmental samples

Trace amounts of copper, manganese, cobalt, chromium, iron and lead were quantitatively coprecipitated with erbium hydroxide on 0.05 M NaOH medium. The coprecipitant could be easily dissolved with 1 M nitric acid. The presence of up to 15 g/l of erbium ions did not interfere with the atomic absorption spectrometric determination of analyte ions. The recovery values for analyte ions were higher than 95%. The concentration factor was 25-fold. Coprecipitation parameters including reagent amounts and matrix effects are discussed. The relative standard deviations of the determinations were below 9%. The time required for the coprecipitation was about 30 min. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of trace amounts of analyte ions in urine, soil and sediment, natural water samples.     

α-Fe2O3掺杂对In2O3电导和气敏性能的影响

用化学共沉淀法制备了α Fe2O3掺杂的In2O3纳米晶微粉,研究了α Fe2O3掺杂对In2O3电导和气敏性能的影响. 结果表明, α Fe2O3和In2O3间可形成有限固溶体In2－xFexO3(0≤x≤0.40); Fe3＋对In2O3晶格中In3＋格位的部分取代,大大增强了阴阳离子间的结合力,导致材料中氧空位VO×数骤降、 自由电子的浓度变稀和电导下降. n(Fe3＋):n(In3＋)=5 :5的共沉淀粉于800 ℃下灼烧4 h所得的α Fe2O3掺杂In2O3传感器元件,对45 μmol•L－1 C2H5OH的灵敏度达54.0,为相同浓度干扰气体汽油的8倍多.     

共沉淀—流动注射富集——火焰原子吸收光度法测定烧碱中铜镍

用Ｆｅ（ＯＨ）３作捕集剂，Ｃｕ＾２＋，Ｎｉ＾２＋与其生成的共沉淀用流动注射法富集并与基体分离，酸洗脱后次焰原子吸收光度法测定，用于工业碱中铜，镍的测定，在３０ｈ＾－１和１２０ｈ＾－１的进样频率下，富集倍数分别为１４．８和４．７，检出限分别为５ｎｇ．ｍｌ＾－１和６０ｎｇ．ｍｌ＾－１能满足烧碱中铜，镍的分析要求。     

不同方法掺杂Au对纳米α-Fe2O3气敏性能的影响

分别采用共沉淀法、浸渍法、紫外辐照法制备了掺杂不同Au含量的α-Fe₂O₃纳米粉体, 并制作了旁热式厚膜型气敏元件. 用XRD、TG-DTA和TEM技术对纳米晶的晶型、晶粒大小及形貌进行了表征. 考察了掺杂方法、Au含量及焙烧温度对α-Fe₂O₃气敏性能的影响. 结果表明, 采用三种方法掺杂适量Au后, 都使α-Fe₂O₃的气敏性有了显著提高, 其中采用共沉淀法, 在400 ℃焙烧的Au质量分数为1.5％的α-Fe₂O₃的气敏性最佳.     

Structural and thermal investigation of gadolinium gallium mixed oxides obtained by coprecipitation: Observation of a new metastable phase

Polycrystalline gadolinium gallium mixed oxides were prepared by coprecipitation and annealing at various temperatures below 1000 °C. The oxide materials appear to be X-ray amorphous after a heat treatment at 500 °C for 30 h, but after 30 h at 800 and 900 °C a major, unreported, hexagonal phase, isostructural with TAlO₃ compounds (where T=Y, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er) appears to crystallize. On the other hand, a highly energetic mechanical treatment of the amorphous powder previously annealed at 500 °C changes considerably the shape and position of exothermal events occurring in the range from 700 up to 900 °C. Subsequent annealing at 900 °C of the mechanically treated powder gives rise to the complete formation of the Gd₃Ga₅O₁₂ garnet structure at the expense of the hexagonal phase and of the minor Gd₄Ga₂O₉ oxide phase. However, a 7.0 wt% contamination is found to be due to tetragonal zirconia coming from vials and balls colliding media. The garnet phase may have strong deviations from the nominal stoichiometry of the garnet, as suggested by the refined lattice parameter obtained from the powder diffraction patterns and by the remarkable absence of intensity relative to the (220) Bragg peak position.     

Coprecipitation with yttrium phosphate as a separation technique for iron(III), lead, and bismuth from cobalt, nickel, and copper matrices

The coprecipitation behavior of 44 elements (47 ions because of chromium(III,VI), arsenic(III,V), and antimony(III,V)) with yttrium phosphate was investigated at various pHs. Yttrium phosphate could quantitatively coprecipitate iron(III), lead, bismuth, and indium over a wide pH range; however, 18 ions, including alkali metals and oxo anions, such as vanadium(V), chromium(VI), molybdenum(VI), tungsten(VI), germanium(IV), arsenic(III,V), selenium(IV), and tellurium(VI), were scarcely collected. In addition, 19 ions, including cobalt, nickel, and copper(II), were hardly coprecipitated at pHs below about 3. Based on these results, the separation of iron(III), lead, and bismuth from cobalt, nickel, and copper(II) matrices was investigated. Iron(III), lead, and bismuth ranging from 0.5 to 25 μg could be separated effectively from a solution containing 0.5 g of cobalt, nickel, or copper at pH 3.0. The separated iron(III), lead, and bismuth could be determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry using internal standardization. The detection limits (3σ, n = 7) of iron(III), lead, and bismuth were 0.008, 0.137, and 0.073 μg, respectively. The proposed method was applied to the analyses of metals and chlorides of cobalt, nickel, and copper.     

Determination of copper,nickel, manganese and cadmium ions in aqueous samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after simultaneous coprecipitation with Co(OH)2

A separation-preconcentration procedure was developed for the determination of trace amounts of copper, nickel, manganese and cadmium ions in water samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after coprecipitation by Co(OH)₂ as a carrier without a chelating agent. The influence of the various analytical parameters such as pH, amount of carrier reagent, standing time, centrifugation rate and time, sample volume and matrix effects on the recovery of the analyte ions was studied. Under the specified experimental conditions the calibration curves for Ni(II) and Cu(II) were linear from 0.5 to 200 ng mL^?1 and for Mn(II) and Cd(II) from 0.5 to 250 and 0.3 to 80 ng mL^?1, respectively. The relative standard deviations for seven replicate determinations of a mixture of 40.0 ng mL^?1 of Cu(II), Ni(II), Mn(II) and 20 ng mL^?1 of Cd(II) in the original solution were 1.9%, 1.7%, 1.8% and 2.1%, respectively. The detection limits based on 3S_b/m for Cu(II), Ni(II), Mn(II) and Cd(II) in the original solution were 0.2, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.07 ng mL^?1, respectively. The limits of quantification based on 10S_b/m for Cu(II), Ni(II), Mn(II) and Cd(II) in the original solution were 6.7, 6.7, 10.0 and 2.3 ng mL^?1, respectively. The proposed method has been applied to the determination of trace amounts of the analyte ions in two certified reference materials (the National Institute for Environment Studies (NIES) No. 1 Pepperbush and NIES No. 7 Tea Leaves) and water samples and satisfactory results were obtained.     

Mn(Ⅱ)-5-Br-PADAP共沉淀-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定虾、贝样中的镉

提出了一种测量痕量重金属镉的新方法。该方法创新性地以Mn(Ⅱ)作为载体离子,以2-(5-溴-2-吡啶偶氮)-5-二乙氨基苯酚(5-Br-PADAP)作为共沉淀剂,共沉淀分离富集虾、贝样品中的镉,同时采用火焰原子吸收法进行测定。重点探讨了共沉淀剂加入量、载体离子加入量、pH值、共沉淀时间、共存离子的干扰等因素对共沉淀分离富集效果的影响, 从而确定了Mn(Ⅱ)-5-Br-PADAP共沉淀分离富集测定镉的最佳共沉淀条件。实验结果表明,当pH 7且大量干扰离子存在的条件下,Mn(Ⅱ)-5-Br-PADAP体系对镉有良好的共沉淀分离富集效果,很好地克服了基体干扰。共沉淀体系中镉含量在0.1～1.0 mg·L-1范围内时镉含量与吸光度呈线性关系。该方法的灵敏度为0.147(mg·L-1)-1,精密度为0.73%,对镉的检出限(3σ)为4.27 μg ·L-1。食品样品比较复杂,对其中痕量重金属含量的测定必须经过消化、分离富集等一系列预处理过程才能得到最准确地答案。所以通过对比直接用火焰原子吸收法与应用本方法测定样品中镉含量的区别,进一步说明了Mn(Ⅱ)-5-Br-PADAP体系对样品中重金属镉有很好的分离富集效果。根据该方法,采用标准加入法测得干贝样品中镉的含量为1.85 mg·kg-1,干虾样品中镉的含量为1.74 mg·kg-1,基本符合国际食品法典委员会的标准。为了证明该方法的可靠性与真实性,做了加标回收实验,结果显示干虾干贝样品中镉的加标回收率范围为99.9%～100.3%,相对标准偏差为0.15%～0.83%。用Mn(Ⅱ)-5-Br-PADAP共沉淀分离富集样品中的痕量镉具有重现性好、准确度高、简单快速等的优点,分析结果令人满意。