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51.
Recent developments in quantitative surface analysis by Auger (AES) and x-ray photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopies are reviewed and problems relating to a more accurate quantitative interpretation of AES/XPS experimental data are discussed. Special attention is paid to consideration of elementary physical processes involved and influence of multiple scattering effects on signal line intensities. In particular, the major features of core-shell ionization by electron impact, Auger transitions and photoionization are considered qualitatively and rigorous approaches used to calculate the respective transition probabilities are analysed. It is shown that, in amorphous and polycrystalline targets, incoherent scattering of primary and signal Auger and photoelectrons can be described by solving analytically a kinetic equation with appropriate boundary conditions. The analytical results for the angular and energy distribution, the mean escape depth, and the escape probability as a function of depth of origin of signal electrons as well as that for the backscattering factor in AES are in good agreement with the corresponding Mote Carlo simulation data. Methods for inelastic background subtraction, surface composition determination and depth-profile reconstructions by angle-resolved AES/XPS are discussed. Examples of novel techniques based on x-ray induced photoemission are considered. 相似文献
52.
Theodor H. G. Hehenkamp 《Mikrochimica acta》1992,107(3-6):273-277
In order to optimize the physical properties of HTSC small single crystals grown from a melt for basic studies of their physical properties the influence of the environment on their impurity content was investigated by EPMA. This requires quantitative analysis of all elements being present in the crystals. The accuracy of results was affected by problems with the choice and quality of standards, by contamination but also by malfunction of microprobe electronics. The HTSC materials were found to react with mills, milling balls, crucibles and the atmosphere. These problems are being discussed and some reactions being studied for Y1Ba2Cu3O6+x (0 < x < 1) HTSC in A12O3 and ZrO2 crucibles. The crystals grown contain reproducible amounts of impurities depending on boundary conditions and exhibit a zone structure in composition particularly for Y and Ba within their range of homogeneity. 相似文献
53.
54.
Summary A simplex method for determining the constantsS andk
o from the equation lnk’=lnk
o−S ϕ (was developed and applied to the reversed phase separation of high molar mass polystyrenes using gradients of any curvature.
Experimental retention times described using the equation had a standard deviation of 1.1%. The inclusion of a quadratic term
in the equation was found to be unwarranted. BothS and lnk
o varied linearly with ln molar mass. The logarithm of peak width of an eluting polystyrene peak was found to be a linear function
of the mobile phase composition at elution. The slope was equal toS. 相似文献
55.
Gérald Perron François Quirion Daniel Lambert Jean Ledoux Lahouari Ghaicha R. Bennes Mireille Privat Jacques E. Desnoyers 《Journal of solution chemistry》1993,22(2):107-124
Phase diagrams, volumes and heat capacities of aqueous mixtures of 2,6-dimethylpyridine (2,6-L) and 2-isobutoxyethanol (iBE) and activities of 2,6-L in aqueous mixtures were measured in the monophasic region near the lower critical solution temperature (LCST). With 2,6-L some measurement were also made just above the LCST. From the temperature dependence of these data, partial molar relative enthalpies (2,6-L), expansibilities and the temperature derivative of heat capacities were calculated and show that iBE undergoes a microphase transition at low concentration which is not related to the phase separation. On the other hand, the properties of 2,6-L in the water-rich region at temperatures well below the LCST indicates that this solute has only a slight tendency to associate. The heat capacities of 2,6-L show an important increase near the LCST. Such changes are not observed for iBE and other alkoxyethanols and amines since these systems already exist in the form of microphases; the partial molar properties of iBE near the LCST are nearly equal to the molar values of the pure liquid, and the changes in thermodynamic properties corresponding to the macroscopic phase transition, are therefore too small to be measured by the present techniques. 相似文献
56.
Resorc[4]arenes are compounds with interesting properties, mainly because of their ability to form host-guest complexes with the guest located inside the cavity. The size of the guest limits the complexation, as shown by a competition experiment with tetraalkylammonium ions of different size. By electroscopy ionization tandem mass spectrometric experiments on resorc[4]arene heterodimers bearing an alkali metal ion as guest, it was found that there must be two different binding mechanisms for alkali metal ions with high surface charge density (Li(+) and Na(+)) on the one hand compared with those with a lower surface charge density on the other hand (K(+), Rb(+), Cs(+)). 相似文献
57.
Pentacoordinate complex cations of the general formula [(C6F5)2SbL3]3+ stabilized as solid salts in combination with tetraphenylborate (BPh4), tetrafluorobroate (BF4) anions, where L=DMSO, Ph3AsO, PyO, DMF, α-, β- and γ-picoline have been isolated. The newly formed complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance measurements, solid-state IR and and NMR. From these results, a five-fold coordination around antimony was required. 相似文献
58.
L. S. Zakharov G. N. Molchanova T. M. Shcherbina P. V. Petrovskii M. I. Kabachnik 《Russian Chemical Bulletin》1998,47(9):1718-1724
A number of trialkylsilylmethyl diphenyl phosphates MeRR′SiCH2OP(O)(OPh)2 (1a-e: R=Et (a), Pr (b), CF3CH2CH2 (c, e), Me3SiCH2 (d); R′=Me (a-d), Et (e)) were synthesized and their thermal rearrangement, of the 1,2-shift type, was studied. The rearrangement consists of the
migration of an alkyl group from Si atom to the methylene carbon atom and gives the corresponding silyl esters. The rate of
the rearrangement was found to increase in the order1d<1b<1a<1 (R=R′=Me)<1c corresponding to the enhancement of the total inductive effect (−I) of the substituents at the Si atom. The relative migration ability of the substituents at the Si atom, determined by GC/MS
analysis of the disiloxane fraction resulting from hydrolysis of pyrolyzed phosphates1a-e, increases in the order R=Pr<Et<CF3CH2CH2<Me≪Me3SiCH2, which differs substantially from the order in which the rate of the rearrangement of phosphates1a-d changes. The electronegativity of the migrating group affects noticeably the relative ability to migrate.
For Part 4, see Ref. 1.
Deceased.
Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 9, pp. 1767–1772, September, 1998. 相似文献
59.
Mohamed El Guendouzi Abderrahim Dinane Abdelfetah Mounir 《Journal of solution chemistry》2002,31(2):119-129
The mixed aqueous electrolyte system of ammonium and lithium chlorides has been studied by the hygrometric method at 25°C. The relative humidities of this system are measured at total molalities from 0.3 to 6 mol-kg– 1 for different ionic-strength fractions y of NH4Cl with y = 0.33, 0.50, and 0.67. The data obtained allow the deduction of new water activities and osmotic coefficients. The experimental results are compared with the predictions of the ECA (extended composed additivity) law proposed in our previous work. The Zdanovskii–Stokes–Robinson (ZSR), the Robinson–Stokes (RS), Reilly–Wood–Robinson (RWR), the Pitzer, and the Lietzke–Stoughton (LS II) models are also compared with our results. Predictions made using these models are, in general, consistent with our results. From these measurements, new Pitzer mixing ionic parameters are determined and used to predict the solute activity coefficients in the mixture for different ionic-strength fractions. 相似文献
60.
The reaction paths for the transformations of substituted acetylenes (X—CC—Y; X, Y = H, Me, Ph, CN) in reaction with phenylsulfenium cation were studied by quantum-chemical methods. It was shown that the reactions take place with the formation of acyclic and cyclic cationic intermediates. The factor that determines the structure and characteristics of these cations is the induction and polarizing action of the substituents in the acetylenes and to a lesser degree their electron-donor characteristics. The resonance effect of the phenyl substituent has a predominantly levelling action on the distribution of charges. 相似文献