Structure‐Directing Agents for the Synthesis of TiO2‐Based Drug‐Delivery Systems

A series of titanium oxides was prepared by using a surfactant‐template method (STM) and used as a carrier for the sustained release of ibuprofen, which was chosen as a model drug. This STM provides an efficient route to TiO₂ matrices with both high surface area (when compared with those that were obtained by using traditional synthetic approaches) and well‐defined mesoporous textures. Some parameters of the synthetic procedure were varied: pH value, surfactant, and thermal treatment. The physicochemical nature of the surface carriers were investigated by means of N₂‐physisorption measurements and FTIR spectroscopy. The effect of the amount of drug on the release kinetics was also investigated. The drug delivery was evaluated in vitro in four different physiological solutions (that simulated the gastrointestinal tract) to analyze the behavior of the TiO₂‐based systems if they were to be formulated as oral DDSs. Our optimized approach is a good alternative to the classical methods that are used to prepare efficient TiO₂‐based drug‐delivery systems.     

The light-enhanced NO₂ sensing properties of porous silicon gas sensors at room temperature

The NO2 gas sensing behavior of porous silicon(PS) is studied at room temperature with and without ultraviolet(UV) light radiation.The PS layer is fabricated by electrochemical etching in an HF-based solution on a p +-type silicon substrate.Then,Pt electrodes are deposited on the surface of the PS to obtain the PS gas sensor.The NO2 sensing properties of the PS with different porosities are investigated under UV light radiation at room temperature.The measurement results show that the PS gas sensor has a much higher response sensitivity and faster response-recovery characteristics than NO2 under the illumination.The sensitivity of the PS sample with the largest porosity to 1 ppm NO2 is 9.9 with UV light radiation,while it is 2.4 without UV light radiation.We find that the ability to absorb UV light is enhanced with the increase in porosity.The PS sample with the highest porosity has a larger change than the other samples.Therefore,the effect of UV radiation on the NO2 sensing properties of PS is closely related to the porosity.     

多孔药型罩聚能射流的稳定性

基于Herrmann改进的Grneisen状态方程,对多孔药型罩受冲击压缩产生的温升进行了估算,从理论上分析了孔隙度对射流断裂时间的影响。使用脉冲X光测试并结合侵彻实验研究了药型罩初始孔隙度为9.3%和11.4%时聚能射流的稳定性。研究结果表明,在一定孔隙度范围内,射流的稳定性随孔隙度的增加而增强。     

CO2 Injection into Saline Carbonate Aquifer Formations II: Comparison of Numerical Simulations to Experiments

Sequestration of carbon dioxide in geological formations is an alternative way of managing extra carbon. Although there are a number of mathematical modeling studies related to this subject, experimental studies are limited and most studies focus on injection into sandstone reservoirs as opposed to carbonate ones. This study describes a fully coupled geochemical compositional equation-of-state compositional simulator (STARS) for the simulation of CO₂ storage in saline aquifers. STARS models physical phenomena including (1) thermodynamics of sub- and supercritical CO₂, and PVT properties of mixtures of CO₂ with other fluids, including (saline) water; (2) fluid mechanics of single and multiphase flow when CO₂ is injected into aquifers; (3) coupled hydrochemical effects due to interactions between CO₂, reservoir fluids, and primary mineral assemblages; and (4) coupled hydromechanical effects, such as porosity and permeability change due to the aforementioned blocking of pores by carbonate particles and increased fluid pressures from CO₂ injection. Matching computerized tomography monitored laboratory experiments showed the uses of the simulation model. In the simulations dissolution and deposition of calcite as well as adsorption of CO₂ that showed the migration of CO₂ and the dissociation of CO₂ into HCO₃ and its subsequent conversion into carbonate minerals were considered. It was observed that solubility and hydrodynamic storage of CO₂ is larger compared to mineral trapping.     

Deformation and long-term damage of particulate composites with stress-rupture microstrength described by a fractional-power function

The theory of long-term damage of homogeneous materials is generalized to particulate composite materials. The damage of the composite components is modeled by randomly dispersed micropores. The damage criterion for a microvolume is characterized by its stress-rupture strength. It is determined by the dependence of the time to brittle failure on the difference between the equivalent stress and its limit, which is the tensile strength, according to the Huber-Mises criterion, and assumed to be a random function of coordinates. An equation of damage (porosity) balance in the composite components at an arbitrary time is formulated. Algorithms of calculating the time dependence of microdamage and macrostresses or macrostrains are developed and corresponding curves are plotted in the case of limited microdurability Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 44, No. 10, pp. 3–12, October 2008.     

柠檬酸色谱分离的动力学模拟

报道一种在考虑柱床空隙率变化的条件下变温色谱动力学研究和参数测定的方法.以柠檬酸的提纯分离为实验例子,在分析柱上测定各模型参数,用这些热力学参数加入到平衡分散模型中,模拟在大型生产柱上的动力学行为,取得了非常满意的结果.     

Microbalance Techniques in Design and Control of Synthetic Carbons

Peculiarities of carbonization of two styrene/divinylbenzene precursors (one sulfonated, another aminated and phosphorylated) have been investigated by thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis. It was shown that phosphorus compounds incorporate into carbon structure and cause delayed carbonization. Porous structure and surface properties of synthetic carbons have been investigated by standard (BET, α_s method, DA) and advanced (AED, PSD, regularization) methods from benzene and water adsorption isotherms. It was shown that phosphorus-containing carbon is less microporous and shows highly hydrophilic surface. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

高效凝胶过滤色谱填料KH-s-GFC300的合成与评价

以碱溶法制备的高孔隙度硅胶为基质,与γ-环氧丙基丙氧基三甲氧基硅烷配基进行共价键合,经过酸性水解,使其转化为二醇基,制成了高效亲水凝胶色谱填料。键合反应中采用70 ℃回流冷凝管,使生成的甲醇可顺利地排到体系外,促使反应向有利于键合的方向进行,以获得较高的配基密度。研究表明,水解反应条件与配基密度以及柱效密切相关。当配基密度为2.6~3.5 μmol/m2时,才能显示出较高的柱效。蛋白质分离实验结果显示,此填料的相对分子质量排阻极限为300000,牛血清白蛋白的回收率为99％。     

碱溶法制备高孔隙度多孔微球

提出并研究了以碱溶侵蚀提高多孔硅球孔隙度的新方法,研究了碱液浓度、处理温度、反应时间与洗除量的关系。结果表明,随着NaOH浓度的提高,不仅洗除量加大,而且硅胶的溶解速度亦少许增大,其主要原因是由于某些孔结构的塌陷导致了细屑的脱除。温度升高和处理时间延长会导致洗除量增大。随着洗除量的增加,硅胶的比孔容呈线性增大,但其外观仍为均匀的球形,且直径亦未见明显变化。选用粒径4~5 μm、孔径8 nm、比孔容1.4 cm3/g的多孔硅胶,采用1.25 mol/L NaOH水溶液、室温(25 ℃)处理3.0 h,制备了粒径4~5 μm、孔径14 nm、比孔容3.2 cm3/g的高孔隙度多孔硅胶,其孔隙度从75%增加到88%。     

Module-Designed Carbon-Coated Separators for High-Loading,High-Sulfur-Utilization Cathodes in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Lithium–sulfur batteries have great potential as next-generation energy-storage devices because of their high theoretical charge-storage capacity and the low cost of the sulfur cathode. To accelerate the development of lithium–sulfur technology, it is necessary to address the intrinsic material and extrinsic technological challenges brought about by the insulating active solid-state materials and the soluble active liquid-state materials. Herein, we report a systematic investigation of module-designed carbon-coated separators, where the carbon coating layer on the polypropylene membrane decreases the irreversible loss of dissolved polysulfides and increases the reaction kinetics of the high-loading sulfur cathode. Eight different conductive carbon coatings were considered to investigate how the materials’ characteristics contribute to the lithium–sulfur cell’s cathode performance. The cell with a nonporous-carbon-coated separator delivered an optimized peak capacity of 1112 mA∙h g⁻¹ at a cycling rate of C/10 and retained a high reversible capacity of 710 mA∙h g⁻¹ after 200 cycles under lean-electrolyte conditions. Moreover, we demonstrate the practical high specific capacity of the cathode and its commercial potential, achieving high sulfur loading and content of 4.0 mg cm⁻² and 70 wt%, respectively, and attaining high areal and gravimetric capacities of 4.45 mA∙h cm⁻² and 778 mA∙h g⁻¹, respectively.