Elucidating the higher‐order structure of biopolymers by structural probing and mass spectrometry: MS3D

Chemical probing represents a very versatile alternative for studying the structure and dynamics of substrates that are intractable by established high‐resolution techniques. The implementation of MS‐based strategies for the characterization of probing products has not only extended the range of applicability to virtually all types of biopolymers but has also paved the way for the introduction of new reagents that would not have been viable with traditional analytical platforms. As the availability of probing data is steadily increasing on the wings of the development of dedicated interpretation aids, powerful computational approaches have been explored to enable the effective utilization of such information to generate valid molecular models. This combination of factors has contributed to making the possibility of obtaining actual 3D structures by MS‐based technologies (MS3D) a reality. Although approaches for achieving structure determination of unknown targets or assessing the dynamics of known structures may share similar reagents and development trajectories, they clearly involve distinctive experimental strategies, analytical concerns and interpretation paradigms. This Perspective offers a commentary on methods aimed at obtaining distance constraints for the modeling of full‐fledged structures while highlighting common elements, salient distinctions and complementary capabilities exhibited by methods used in dynamics studies. We discuss critical factors to be addressed for completing effective structural determinations and expose possible pitfalls of chemical methods. We survey programs developed for facilitating the interpretation of experimental data and discuss possible computational strategies for translating sparse spatial constraints into all‐atom models. Examples are provided to illustrate how the concerted application of very diverse probing techniques can lead to the solution of actual biological systems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Homoleptic Zincate‐Promoted Room‐Temperature Halogen–Metal Exchange of Bromopyridines

Homoleptic lithium tri‐ and tetraalkyl zincates were reacted with a set of bromopyridines. Efficient and chemoselective bromine–metal exchanges were realized at room temperature with a substoichiometric amount of nBu₄ZnLi₂?TMEDA reagent (1/3 equiv; TMEDA=N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine). This reactivity contrasted with that of tBu₄ZnLi₂?TMEDA, which was inefficient below one equivalent. DFT calculations allowed us to rationalize the formation of N???Li stabilized polypyridyl zincates in the reaction. The one‐pot difunctionalization of dibromopyridines was also realized using the reagent stoichiometrically. The direct creation of C? Zn bonds in bromopyridines enabled us to perform efficient Negishi‐type cross‐couplings.     

微型气相色谱仪热导检测器放大电路设计

Agilent公司生产的Agilent 3000+系列色谱仪是微型气相色谱仪(micro GC)的典型代表,其热导检测器的信号放大电路和模数转换器(analog-to-digital convertor, ADC)存在功耗大、工作温度过高等不足.文中分析了micro GC电路的功能需求,从选用低噪声的24 bit Δ-Σ ADC ADS1255入手,设计了高共模电压容限、低噪声的全差分放大电路及其他外围电路,并且对全差分放大电路建立了噪声模型,计算了其噪声理论值,优化了系统设计参数.另外,还设计了一个测试平台,对所设计的全差分放大电路和ADC的性能进行了全面的测试评估,结果表明新设计的热导检测器放大电路与ADC的总噪声(以美国材料与试验协会(ASTM)标准值计)仅为1.25 μV,总功耗降低了3.7 W,满足micro GC的功能需求,而且可靠性高、体积小、结构简单,可用于新一代micro GC的研发和生产.     

《微分方程数值解》课程教学改革与实践

针对一般本科院校的教学实际,研讨《微分方程数值解》课程教学改革的一些体会,主要包括教学定位的确定、课程教学内容的优化、教学方法的改革以及教学手段的更新等问题.     

一类高阶线性变系数常微分方程的通解

利用升阶法研究了一类高阶线性变系数常微分方程,给出了齐次方程的通解公式,并讨论了非齐次方程待定的特解.     

从“求圆截线平面问题”的研究谈学生能力的培养

对“求圆截线平面问题”作了深入研究,给出了四种解法,得到了与椭球面交线是圆的平面的充分必要条件,交线圆的中心和半径,并结合该问题谈了基础课教学中对学生能力的培养．     

一类二阶常微分方程初值问题的无穷多解性

应用分离变量法,得到了一类二阶微分方程初值问题存在无穷多个非负解的充分必要条件,并给出了所有的无穷多个非负解．。     

二元Schur凹copula的次对角部分

任意给定一个二元Schur 凹copula, 结合其自身和次对角部分, 利用取大和取小运算, 构造了一类新copula, 使得次对角部分相互重合, 讨论了新copula 的Schur 凹性与Schur 几何凹性.     

奇异微分方程的广义Sturm--Liouville边值问题正解的存在性

By employing the fixed point theorem of cone expansion and compression of norm type, we investigate the existence of positive solutions of generalized Sturm-Liouville boundary value problems for a nonlinear singular differential equation with a parameter. Some sufficient conditions for the existence of positive solutions are established. In the last section, an example is presented to illustrate the applications of our main results.