Assessment model of classroom acoustics criteria for enhancing speech intelligibility and learning quality

In this paper, a new classroom acoustics assessment model (CAAM) based on analytic hierarchy process (AHP) for enhancing speech intelligibility and learning quality is proposed. The model is based on five main criteria that affect the learning process and related to classrooms acoustical properties. These include classroom specifications, noise sources inside and outside the classroom, teaching style, and vocal effort. The priority and weights of these major criteria along with their alternatives are identified using the views of students, staff, education consultants, and expertise by using a developed questionnaire, and the AHP methodology. This model can be considered as a helpful framework enabling universities decision makers to take effective decisions on classroom acoustics treatment issues. It also provides colleges’ higher authorities the suitable guidelines that help for determining necessary requirements that help to raise the quality and efficiency of the educational environment; in order to reach an excellent learning environment; and hence increasing students learning outcomes.     

The origin of the redshift in Brillouin spectra of silica films containing tin nanoparticles

The abrupt change of velocity in surface acoustic waves in thin films of amorphous SiO_x containing nanometre scale -Sn crystals is shown to be directly associated with the size-dependent melting of the nanoparticles, confirming preliminary experiments. High resolution thin film powder diffraction using synchrotron radiation shows that the abrupt redshift in the Brillouin spectra satellites occurs at the same temperature as the melting of the nanoparticles, evident for the loss of the Bragg peaks. Effective medium theory is used to explain the origin of the anomaly. A central peak in the Brillouin spectrum, the intensity of which shows a maximum at the melting temperature, can be interpreted in terms of overdamped fluctuations in the dielectric function. The melting temperature as a function of particle size is in agreement with theoretical predictions. No evidence for strain could be found on the X-ray diffraction profiles; the a- and c-axis thermal expansion coefficients are the same as those in bulk tin. Received 30 March 2000 and Received in final form 24 July 2000     

波涡相互作用研究的某些进展(Ⅱ)

<正> 5 波涡共振 从第3节的感受性问题再前进一步,自然要问在什么条件下入射波激发起涡中之波的最大响应.这就导致了入射波与层状或轴状涡中受激波之间共振的概念,简称波涡共振.一般说来,在流体内部若有两个或多个波相会,它们将互相穿透而沿原来的方向离去.但若它们的波矢量和频率满足一定的关系(参见Craik 1985),就会在相会点产生新的波.2阶扰动的振幅可达到1阶扰动振幅的量级,而且流场中会出现一些重要的独特性质.这就是流体内部波共振,波涡共振是其一类情形.      

厅堂声学计算机模型的应用(英)

此处所介绍的厅堂声学计算机模型计算了房间和多功能厅的声学响应。这个模型是以房厅的三维表示为基础的。每个墙面都赋予一个吸声系数,并且分成更小的单元。首先计算了单元间影响系数所组成的矩阵。对于给定的声源,可以计算每个单元收到的能量,并由此定出房厅内任一点的声级,这样又能够算出（ａ）随距离变化的衰减,（ｂ）在任一平面上的声照度,和（ｃ）任一点所收到声能的接收指向性．可以算出房厅内任一被选定点的回波图,作为接收器所在地接收指向性随时间的演变;这么一个特点使得有可能核对目视图象和声图象之间的可能不符。这个软件能够设法任意修改房间的形状,以最优化房间的声学特征．本文列举了一个厅堂声学的研究例,是关于沙特拉伯首都Ｒｉｙａｄｈ的 Ａｈｕｒａ主厅的。     

Non-reflecting boundary conditions for waveguides

New non-reflecting boundary conditions are introduced for the solution of the Helmholtz equation in a waveguide. These boundary conditions are perfectly transparent for all propagating modes. They do not require the determination of these propagating modes but only their propagation constants. A quasi-local form of these boundary conditions is well suited as terminating boundary condition beyond finite element meshes. Related convergence properties to the exact solution and optimal error estimates are established.

     

厅堂声学计算机模型的应用(英)

此处所介绍的厅堂声学计算机模型计算了房间和多功能厅的声学响应。这个模型是以房厅的三维表示为基础的。每个墙面都赋予一个吸声系数,并且分成更小的单元。首先计算了单元间影响系数所组成的矩阵。对于给定的声源,可以计算每个单元收到的能量,产由此定出房厅内任一点的声级,这样又能够算出（ａ）随距离变化的衰减,（ｂ）在任一平面上的声照度,和（ｃ）任一点所收到声能的接收指向性。可以算出房厅内任一被选定点的回波图,作     

高频聚焦超声声场和温度场的仿真研究

为探究临床常用的7 MHz高频聚焦超声在多层生物组织中的声传播以及毫秒级时间内的生物传热规律问题,基于Westervelt方程和Pennes传热方程,使用有限元方法建立高频聚焦超声辐照多层组织的非线性热黏性声传播及传热模型。首先分析了线性模型和非线性模型之间的差异,然后在非线性模型下探究换能器的参数对声场和温度场的影响。仿真结果显示：在7 MHz频率下,当换能器输出声功率超过5 W时,声波传播的非线性效应不可忽视(p <0.05);当声功率从5 W增大到15 W时,非线性模型与线性模型预测的温度偏差从20%增加到34.703%;高频聚焦超声波的非线性行为比低频更加显著,基频能量向高次谐波转移的程度增大,声功率为10 W和15 W时4次谐波与基波之比分别达到7.33%和12.12%;高频换能器参数的改变对组织中声场和温度场分布的影响较大,换能器焦距从12 mm减小到11.2 mm,焦点处最高温度增加了77%。结果表明,7 MHz聚焦超声的非线性声传播需要考虑到4次谐波的影响。该文提出的多层组织非线性仿真模型可为高频聚焦超声换能器参数优化及制定安全、有效的术前治疗方案提供理论参考。     

基于变换声学的角反射器的设计*

基于超材料的新型声学器件是近年来的研究热点,变换声学为这些新型声学器件的实现带来了可能。该文提出了一种基于变换声学的声反射器模型的设计方法。通过简单的线性映射,该声反射器具有均匀而各向异性的参数。利用Biot流体等效介质理论,通过周期分层结构可以对该反射器进行实现。仿真结果显示,在一定角度范围内,该反射器可以将声波按照入射方向进行反射,同时也验证了该结构的宽频有效性。     

基于深度约束的声速估算方法*

高精度的声速剖面数据是提高水下定位精度的关键。在无法精确获得声速剖面数据的情况下,该文提出了一种基于深度约束,同时根据浮标与水下目标的空间几何距离进行有效声速估算的方法。通过仿真模拟,将该文提出的方法与加权平均声速法、泰勒级数展开法和等效声速剖面法的定位结果进行对比分析。结果表明,新方法不需要依靠声速剖面数据,通过深度约束可有效地估算出声速值,其定位精度与等效声速结果相当,极大地提高了无声速剖面数据下的水下定位精度。     

基于Hilbert变换的水下多源声信号频率的相干探测

为实现水下中低频声信号的探测识别,通过研究水下多声源相干探测信号的特征,理论上给出了相干探测信号频谱混叠情况下的特征表达式,并提出了一种基于Hilbert变换的信号解调处理方法,实现了水下多声源相干探测信号频谱混叠情况下各声源发声频率的解调.该方法将探测信号经过滤波平滑处理之后进行Hilbert变换,得到信号的解析形式,然后对解析信号模值的平方进行二次滤波平滑等处理,分离混叠在一起的频带,将得到的信号进行频谱分析,根据频移值计算得到水下各个声源的发声频率.在光学暗室下搭建激光相干探测系统,对2~6kHz的水下声信号进行实验,实验结果表明,该方法可以有效分离探测信号中混叠在一起的信号频带,并准确提取各水下声信号的发声频率,频率提取重复性不大于2.5Hz.