二维混合层中不稳定波的共振干涉和涡的卷并

本文对二维混合层中不稳定波的非线性增长和共振干涉过程进行研究,并分析它们与涡对卷并和湍流化过程的关系     

波涡相互作用研究的某些进展(Ⅰ)

波涡相互作用是当代非定常非线性流体力学的一个重要领域.本文评述了迄今人们对微扰纵波(声波,不包括激波)和横波(涡波)与层状和轴状涡相互作用的研究进展,包括涡声理论、锐缘及光滑表面涡层分离以及自由涡层的2维感受性和非定常Kutta条件,波产生时均涡流的非线性Eulcr整流和广义Lagrange整流,波涡共振等课题的进展.还介绍了用非定常激发实施涡控制这一重要应用领域的一些新进展.      

三维数值模拟内环加热液池内热毛细对流

为了深入理解热毛细对流不稳定性的特征,数值模拟了内环壁加热、外环壁被冷却的硅油环形浅液池内热毛细对流.发现在内外壁问温差相同的情况下,在内壁加热的液层里,流体表面的温度梯度高于外壁加热情况下10%左右;相应地,发生热流体波的临界Marangoni数Mac=3.06×105(或临界温差△Tc=4.58K)低于外壁加热情况下的Mac=3.34×105(或△Tc=5.0 K).超过临界条件后,内壁加热液池内形成振荡的多涡胞热流体波,它由共存的两组波数相同、频率和振幅相同、沿周向传播方向相反、沿径向凹向高温壁传播的、弯曲螺旋状的热流体波组成,并相互干涉形成点状波纹.     

应力波对滑移弱化断层的动态触发作用

将断层简化为满足线性滑移弱化摩擦准则的理想裂纹界面。在考虑初始应力的条件下,研究了应力波通过两个相互接触的弹性半空间时的透射和反射关系。在此基础上,得出了应力波扰动断层时的初始滑移条件和不稳定滑移条件,并分析了断层动态触发与扰动应力波、断层特性和初始状态等因素的关系。当入射角一定时,入射波频率越高,所需振幅越大;断层的临界滑移越大,断层越稳定,扰动应力波所需振幅越大。     

非对称槽道中涡旋波的特性研究

利用PIV流场显示技术，对振荡流体在非对称槽道中涡旋波的产生、发展和消失的规律进 行了实验研究和分析，测得了涡旋波流场的速度矢量图，阐明了涡旋波流场周期性变化的特 点. 结合涡动力学方程，深入分析并揭示了做周期性运动的流体能在槽道中产生波的特性这 一规律，从中发现：流体周期变化的非定常性和不对称的槽道结构是形成涡旋波流动的主要 因素. 本文对涡旋波流场中各个旋涡的速度分布和涡量进行了测量和计算，分析了涡旋波 强化传质的机理，并研究了Re数对涡旋波流动的影响     

旋涡与行进表面水波相互作用的实验研究

采用振动板式造波器在二维水槽中生成近似单色的行进表面水波，采用夹板式涡发生器生成稳定上浮的涡对，在Ｆｒｏｕｄｅ数约为０．５的条件下，得到了水下涡对与不同波长和振幅的行进表面水波相互作用时的干扰图象，以实验方法验证了理论分析和数值计算的结果，并为进一步研究旋涡与行进表面水波的相互作用提供了一种实验研究方法     

超声速平板边界层斜波失稳转捩过程研究

以5阶迎风和6阶对称紧致格式混合差分求解三维可压缩滤波Navier-Stokes方程，对Mach 数为4.5, Reynolds数为10000的空间发展平板边界层湍流进行了大涡模拟. 时间推进采用 紧致存储3阶Runge-Kutta方法，亚格子尺度模型为修正Smagorinsky涡黏性模型. 通过在 入口边界叠加一对线性最不稳定第一模态斜波扰动，数值模拟得到了平板层流边界层失稳转 捩直至湍流的演化过程. 对流场转捩过程中瞬时量及统计平均量的分析表明，数值模拟结果 与理论吻合，得到的Y型剪切层、交替\Lambda涡结构以及转捩后期的发卡涡结构的发展 变化与相关文献结果一致，湍流流谱定性合理.     

带有新型涡激振动抑制罩的圆柱体的水动力特性

通过模型实验和数值模拟计算,研究了带有涡激振动抑制罩的圆截面柱体的水动力特性.模型实验主要测试了柱体上附加谐波型和类圆锥型涡激振动抑制罩的单摆结构在不同流速下发生涡激振动的性质;数值模拟则针对谐波型和圆锥型扰动,在雷诺数Re为102到105范围内,研究其水动力参数,如阻力、升力和涡脱落频率等,随扰动波长和波动强度的变化.模型实验结果表明,在直圆柱开始发生共振的流速下,带抑制罩的柱体的振幅显著降低,而在更高流速下则显著增大.数值模拟结果表明,谐波型和圆锥型扰动具有相似的水动力特性;且在不同Re时,阻力、升力和涡脱落频率具有相似的变化规律;随波动强度的增大,阻力一般逐渐增大,升力则在多数情况下先减小而后增大,而涡脱落频率一般逐渐减小.      

分层流体中内孤立波在台阶上的反射和透射

基于匹配渐近展开和格林函数的方法，研究了两层流体系统中内孤立波在台阶地形上透射、 反射及其分裂的演化特征. 通过保角变换和求解奇异Fredholm积分方程，获得了反映地形 效应对Boussinesq方程影响的约化边界条件，藉此建立了KdV演化方程的``初值'问题， 根据散射反演理论获得了反射波和透射波的解析表达式. 分析结果表明：上下流体层的厚度 比、密度比以及台阶高度对于反射和透射波振幅及其分裂具有显著的影响. 尤其当上层流体 厚度小于下层厚度时，由于存在临界点，在其附近反射波的幅值随台阶高度的演化由单调增 变为单调减，透射波的幅值由单调减变为单调增；上台阶的反射波与入射波反相，其最大幅 值可达到入射波的数倍；此外，下台阶反射波也可发展为单支孤立波，它区别于单层流体中 反射波仅为衰减的振荡波列.     

应用PIV技术测试涡旋波流场

涡旋波流动作为一种特殊的流动现象,可以使流体在相对较宽的槽道中产生较强的波动和对流混合,从而在小Re数条件下起到强化传质的效果。本文利用PIV流场显示技术,对振荡流在非对称槽道中所形成的涡旋波的产生机理和发展规律进行了实验研究和定量分析,测得了涡旋波流场的速度矢量图,阐明了涡旋波流场周期性变化的特点。分析了Re数和St数对涡旋波流动的影响,并得出了旋涡涡心位置以及涡心处涡量的动态变化规律。     

Vortex structure simulation for supersonic mixing layers using nonlinear PSE method

The method of nonlinear parabolized stability equations (PSE) is applied in the simulation of vortex structures in compressible mixing layer. The spatially-evolving unstable waves, which dominate the vortex structure, are investigated through spatial marching method. The instantaneous flow field is obtained by adding the harmonic waves to basic flow. The results show that T-S waves do not keep growing exponentially as the linear evolution, the energy transfer to high order harmonic modes, and that finally all harmonic modes get saturated due to nonlinear interaction. The mean flow distortion induced by the nonlinear interaction between the harmonic modes and their conjugate harmonic ones, makes great change of the average flow and increases the thickness of mixing layer. PSE methods can well capture the two- and three-dimensional large scale nonlinear vortex structures in mixing layers such as vortex roll-up, vortex pairing, and Λ vortex.     

数值研究平板方舵激波-湍流边界层干扰

数值研究了平板方舵激波-湍流边界层干扰流场。模拟出了分离激波与弓型激波砬撞后形成的“λ”激波结构;消晰地显示了分离区中的旋涡结构,发现流场中会出现二次分离涡,并从理论上分析了流场对称面涡心形态与非定常的关系,得到了涡心为不稳定螺旋点或出现极限环是非定常流动特征的新结论。     

Vortex sound

Vortex motion is the only source of aerodynamic sound production in low Mach number flow: the unsteady part of the vorticity distribution contributes linearly to the sound field. The following fundamental model flows, which illustrate the vorticity as the predominant sound source in unsteady flows, are discussed: An initially planar elliptic vortex; two identical coaxial initially elliptic vortex rings, where a special case is the leap-frogging of two identical circular rings. For head-on collision of two identical circular vortex rings and for several cases of vortex-body interaction good agreement between theory and experiment exists. If the Mach number is not low, other mechanisms have also to be considered. Here the theory is not yet fully developed. Experimental results for a vortex-airfoil interaction in transonic flow show that local flow separation and boundary layer as well as compressibility effects play a basic role. However, if the motion of vorticity would be known in subsonic flow, essential parts of the sound field could be calculated by the theory. — In addition, it is shown that the general theory is well suited to provide a better understanding of the scattering of sound waves by vortex motion, at least for long wave lengths.     

一种新的运动激波--非定常边界层相互干扰现象

本文探讨了一种新的激波－非定常边界层相互干扰现象，这种激波－边界层干扰现象既不同于定常激波－边界层干扰现象，又不同于激波在端面反射后与该激波所诱导的边界层之间的干扰现象，而是运动激波与稀疏波和第一激波所诱导的非这常边界层之间的干扰现象，本文对这种现象用微波动力学理论进行分析，并把这种干扰现象看成激波的绕射现象，同时在稀疏波破膜的双驱动激波管中进行实验观察，最后把理论分析与实验观察进行了比较。     

Calculation of the hydrodynamic interaction of blade cascades with consideration for the diffusion of unsteady wakes

A semianalytical method was developed to calculate the hydrodynamic interaction of two blade cascades moving relative to one another. The potential perturbation of the flow by the cascades and the vortex perturbation due to blade edge wakes are taken into account. Along with the steady wakes caused by boundary layer separation from the blade cascades, allowance is made of the unsteady wakes separating from the blade trailing edges because of change in velocity circulation on them. The unsteady wakes are calculated with allowance for their diffusion in the presence of flow viscosity using approximate boundarylayer theory. The method is implemented as a program for calculating the unsteady hydrodynamic characteristics of blade cascades on a personal computer. Examples of calculation and a comparison with experiment are given.     

Three-wave interactions of disturbances in a hypersonic boundary layer on a porous surface

Interactions of disturbances in a hypersonic boundary layer on a porous surface are considered within the framework of the weakly nonlinear stability theory. Acoustic and vortex waves in resonant three-wave systems are found to interact in the weak redistribution mode, which leads to weak decay of the acoustic component and weak amplification of the vortex component. Three-dimensional vortex waves are demonstrated to interact more intensively than two-dimensional waves. The feature responsible for attenuation of nonlinearity is the presence of a porous coating on the surface, which absorbs acoustic disturbances and amplifies vortex disturbances at high Mach numbers. Vanishing of the pumping wave, which corresponds to a plane acoustic wave on a solid surface, is found to assist in increasing the length of the regions of linear growth of disturbances and the laminar flow regime. In this case, the low-frequency spectrum of vortex modes can be filled owing to nonlinear processes that occur in vortex triplets.     

Wind-Up of a Spanwise Vortex in Deepening Transition and Stall

A fundamental flow problem of unsteady wind-up of a spanwise vortex is studied in this theoretical work on deepening dynamic stall and transition in a boundary layer, internal layer or related unsteady motion. It examines the nonlinear evolution of the spanwise vortex produced when the local wall pressure develops a maximum or minimum, subsequent to the finite-time break-up of an interacting layer and the impact of normal pressure gradients. The evolution is controlled by an inner–outer interaction between the effects of the normal pressure gradient and the momentum jumps across and outside the vortex, which is situated near the strong inflexion point induced in the mean flow. Although the work concentrates on a particular internal-flow context, many of the flow properties found are generic and in particular apply for a more general case including external flows. Analysis and associated computations point to two main distinct trends in the vortex response, depending to a large extent on a parameter gauging the relative strengths of the above effects. The response is either an explosive one, provoking enhanced wind-up, growth and pressure in the vortex, or it is implosive, causing the vortex to shrink and virtually empty itself through unwinding, leaving little local pressure variation. A further discussion includes the after-effects of this vortex response and some of the connections with experiments and direct computations on deepening stall and transition. Received 22 February 1999 and accepted 28 March 2000     

Three-wave interactions between disturbances in the hypersonic boundary layer on impermeable and porous surfaces

The interaction between disturbances in the hypersonic boundary layer on impermeable and porous surfaces is considered within the framework of weakly-nonlinear stability theory. It is established that on the impermeable surface nonlinear interactions between different waves (acoustic and vortex) occur in the parametric resonance regime. The role of pumping wave is played by a plane acoustic wave. The nonlinear interactions take place over a wide frequency range and can lead to the packet growth of Tollmien-Schlichting waves. On the porous surface the analogous interactions are fairly weak and result in a slight decay of the acoustic mode and a slight amplification of the vortex mode. This leads to the dragging out of the laminar flow regime and the regions of linear disturbance growth. In this situation the low-frequency spectrum of the vortex modes may be filled on account of the nonlinear processes occurring in the three-wave systems between the vortex components.     

Interactions of three-dimensional vicous axisymmetric vortex rings with a free surface

The unsteady nonlinear interaction of three-dimensional vortices with a free surface is a great challenge in fluid mechanics, which has deep theoretical significance and important practical background. Applying the three-dimensional VOF method, the interactions of three-dimensional axisymmetric vortex rings with a free surface in an incompressible viscous fluid are numerically simulated. The influence of the Froude number and the surface tension are studied and the evolution of the vorticity, the trajectories of the vortex rings and the baroclinic vorticity on the surface are obtained. The results agreed well with the experiments reported in the literature. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

The interaction of a bluff body with a vortex wake

A theoretical, experimental and numerical study is presented of the interaction of a vortex–wake created by an upstream blade with a downstream prismatic block. The aim of the study is to investigate the fundamentals of force and noise generation for this type of flow and explain how inter-object spacing affects the far-field noise level. A theoretical model, based on a compact form of Curle's formulation, is developed and shows that acoustically constructive or destructive interference is determined by the amplitude and phase of the forces on each object. Experimental and two-dimensional, unsteady numerical results of the vortex–wake interaction case are presented for several blade–block separation distances. Using a combination of experimental and numerical data, the theoretical model is able to explain observed variations in far-field noise level with blade–block separation distance. The numerical model accurately predicts the phase relationship between the unsteady forces on each object.