Dynamic method as a simple approach for wide range pH measurements using optodes

In this paper, a flow system equipped with an optode has been suggested for wide range pH measurements. Triacetyl cellulose was used as the optode membrane in which different pH indicators were immobilized. For extending the pH range, the dynamic response rather than the steady-state response of the optode was measured. Since diffusion is the main process governing the system response, different parameters having influence on diffusion of the analyte into the membrane were optimized. Under the optimum conditions, wide range pH determination (up to 11 pH units) is simply achieved regardless of the pK_a of the pH indicator immobilized in the membrane. To validate the application of the method different indicators with different structures and pK_a values were tested and the results were all confirming the precision and accuracy of the method. The suggested method also has combined advantages of flow systems together with inherent advantages of kinetic systems.     

Microwave assisted volatilization of silicon as fluoride for the trace impurity determination in silicon nitride by dynamic reaction cell inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry

A low pressure microwave assisted vapor phase dissolution procedure for silicon nitride and volatilization of in situ generated SiF₄ has been developed using H₂SO₄, HF and HNO₃ for the determination of trace impurities present in silicon nitride. Sample was taken in minimum amount (0.5 mL for 100 mg) of H₂SO₄ and treated with vapors generated from HF and HNO₃ mixture in presence of microwaves in a closed container. An 80 psi pressure with ramp and hold times of 30 min and 60 min respectively, operated twice, resulted in 99.9% volatilization of Si. Matrix free solutions were analyzed for impurities using DRC-ICP-MS. The recoveries of Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, Sr, Y, Cd, Ba and Pb were between 80 and 100% after volatilization of Si. The blanks were in lower ng g⁻¹ with method detection limits in lower ng g⁻¹ to sub ng g⁻¹ range. The method was applied for the analysis of two silicon nitride samples.     

Glycerol facilitates the disaggregation of recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 2 on mica surface

Preparation of distributed virus on a solid substrate is a prerequisite for investigation of the properties and individualism of virus, while many previous studies showed that virus has a tendency to aggregate on solid substrates. In this communication, we report a novel approach by which well-separated recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (rAAV2) could be prepared on bare mica surface. The key technique in this approach is the addition of less than 3% (v/v) glycerol into the virus solution and subsequently deposition onto mica surface for the sample preparation. The possible mechanisms are also briefly discussed.     

Regular expression constrained sequence alignment

We introduce regular expression constrained sequence alignment as the problem of finding the maximum alignment score between given strings $S_1$ and $S_2$ over all alignments such that in these alignments there exists a segment where some substring $s_1$ of $S_1$ is aligned to some substring $s_2$ of $S_2$, and both $s_1$ and $s_2$ match a given regular expression R, i.e. $s_1,s_2\in L(R)$ where $L(R)$ is the regular language described by R. For complexity results we assume, without loss of generality, that $n=|S_1|⩾|m|=|S_2|$. A motivation for the problem is that protein sequences can be aligned in a way that known motifs guide the alignments. We present an $\mathrm{O}(nmr)$ time algorithm for the regular expression constrained sequence alignment problem where $r=\mathrm{O}(t^4)$, and t is the number of states of a nondeterministic finite automaton N that accepts $L(R)$. We use in our algorithm a nondeterministic weighted finite automaton M that we construct from N. M has $\mathrm{O}(t^2)$ states where the transition-weights are obtained from the given costs of edit operations, and state-weights correspond to optimum alignment scores we compute using the underlying dynamic programming solution for sequence alignment. If we are given a deterministic finite automaton D accepting $L(R)$ with $t_d$ states then our construction creates a deterministic finite automaton $M_d$ with $t_d^2$ states. In this case, our algorithm takes $\mathrm{O}(t_d^{2}nm)$ time. Using $M_d$ results in faster computation than using M when $t_d<t^2$. If we only want to compute the optimum score, the space required by our algorithm is $\mathrm{O}(t^{2}n)$ ($\mathrm{O}(t_d^{2}m)$ if we use a given $M_d$). If we also want to compute an optimal alignment then our algorithm uses $\mathrm{O}(t^{2}m+t^2|s_1||s_2|)$ space ($\mathrm{O}(t_d^{2}m+t_d^2|s_1||s_2|)$ space if we use a given $M_d$) where $s_1$ and $s_2$ are substrings of $S_1$ and $S_2$, respectively, $s_1,s_2\in L(R)$, and $s_1$ and $s_2$ are aligned together in the optimal alignment that we construct. We also show that our method generalizes for the case of the problem with affine gap penalties, and for finding optimal regular expression constrained local sequence alignments.     

三腔渡越管振荡器高频结构的解析研究

 从圆柱坐标系下Borgnis位函数的齐次标量Helmholtz方程出发,引入慢波驻波概念及其场表达式,利用Borgnis位函数的边界条件及相邻子区公共界面上的场匹配条件,导出了三腔渡越管振荡器内角向均匀TM模的色散关系及场分布的解析表达式。运用该解析法求得三腔渡越管振荡器的谐振频率与实验中测得的微波频率一致,求得的场分布与数值法得到的场分布十分吻合。     

Ytterbium-doped Fiber Amplifiers:Selection of Pump Wavelength

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反向交叉相位调制对NOLM开关特性影响

提出了NOLM中反向信号脉冲与控制脉冲耦合方程,研究了正、反向信号脉冲在传输过程中共同作用的非线性相移,分析了高斯脉冲和NRZ码在此情况下的开关特性,得到了有反向交叉相位调制时的第一最佳解复用长度、开关窗口和输出信号波形等对实际应用有价值的数据和波形.     

Dynamic exponent in extremal models of pinning

The depinning transition of a front moving in a time-independent random potential is studied. The temporal development of the overall roughness w(L,t) of an initially flat front, , is the classical means to have access to the dynamic exponent. However, in the case of front propagation in quenched disorder via extremal dynamics, we show that the initial increase in front roughness implies an extra dependence over the system size which comes from the fact that the activity is essentially localized in a narrow region of space. We propose an analytic expression for the exponent and confirm this for different models (crack front propagation, Edwards-Wilkinson model in a quenched noise etc.). Received 27 August 1999     

用铜物理显影的多级放大成像过程 Ⅰ.影像强化和节银效应

感光乳剂中卤化银颗粒接收足够的曝光量后可形成潜影,经过显影便成为可见影像。这个过程可以看作是第一级放大。它的放大因子为10~9。但是影像的密度取决于单位面积上显出的银量和银影像的遮盖本领。如果单位面积上显出的银颗粒太少,影像就不能被眼睛或仪器(如密度计)检测出来。单位面积上银颗粒太少可由两个原因造成的:或是因为曝光量太低以致具有可显潜影的颗粒太少;或是因为乳剂层中卤化银颗粒本来就太少。     

On the characteristics of Applied Mathematics

In this paper,four aspects of particular characteristics of Applied Mathematicsdifferent from those of Pure Mathematics are summarized by comparison.