27Al核磁共振波谱法测定环境生物样品中铝研究进展

近二十年来,高分辨率²⁷Al核磁共振(²⁷Al NMR)广泛应用于研究Al(Ⅲ)离子水解过程,Al(Ⅲ)与环境生物配体的配位化学,环境与生物样品中铝含量测定和形态分析,监测铝在植物、动物、酵母菌等微生物中的转运过程,具有快速、直接、非破坏性等优点。²⁷Al NMR不仅适用于高浓度的溶液,也可应用于低浓度(10^-6mol·L^-1)的实际环境、生物样品。应用²⁷Al MASNMR可直接对固态样品中铝的存在状态和含量进行表征和测量。本文中对²⁷Al NMR的应用进展作一评述,并总结了近二十年来文献发表的²⁷Al化学位移数据。引用文献70余篇。     

论两类环境和两类悬河问题的研究

分析认为环境问题有两类 :污染与生态破坏和环境岩土工程问题。悬河问题也有两类 :永久性悬河和暂时性洪水悬河。它们属于 2 1世纪我国将面临的主要环境岩土工程课题。本文就这些问题的基本概念和研究途径作一讨论.     

MODELING THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE ECONOMIC COSTS AND BENEFITS OF ILLEGAL GAME MEAT HUNTING IN THE SERENGETI

ABSTRACT. Illegal game meat hunting in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania, and adjacent game reserves provides an important source of protein and cash income to local communities. We construct a profitability model that describes the spatial distribution of the economic costs and benefits of illegal hunting in the Serengeti during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Costs included capital investment in hunting weapons, W_R, and the opportunity cost of hunting, W_O, both held to be constants; and two spatially variable components, the logistic effort of traveling to hunting areas, W_L, and the penalties incurred if arrested, W_P. Benefit was the expected income from the sale of meat from resident wildlife species. The model suggests: (1) W_R is the most important cost. (2) W_L is the second most important cost and likely to determine the spatial distribution of hunting activity if hunters seekto minimize costs. (3) W_O and W_P are of minor importance, the former because alternative sources of income provide low pay, the latter because the overall chance of being arrested is low. (4) W_P exceeds W_L only in areas close to the boundary of protected areas. (5) Although resident wildlife contributes only a minor share of illegal offtake compared to the migratory herds, hunting resident wildlife is profitable in 68% of the area. This suggests that hunting of resident and migratory wildlife is highly profitable and may explain why the utilization of the target populations has become increasingly unsustainable.     

计算股市的基本方程、理论和原理(Ⅲ)——基本理论

由基本方程导出两个理论:1 股票的价值理论v*(t)=v(0)exp(ar₂t)。2 股能守恒理论。将股能定义为股价v及其导数v>的二次函数φ=Av2+Bvv+Cv2+Dv,在基本方程约束下,将问题归结为沿最优路径的约束优化问题。应用Lagrange乘数,变分法Euler方程可证?对任何v、v>守恒。文中给出应用这些方程和理论对股市走势作分析的一些判断并为深沪股市实际走势所验证。     

中国东部沿海地带及邻区的环境工程地质与可持续发展研究

沿海地带是海陆交接的边缘地带, 是-个多功能的自然综合体, 蕴藏着丰富的自然资源, 开发潜力很大。但沿海地带自然环境复杂多变, 生态环境极为脆弱, 而沿海地带的开发利用又涉及许多部门和学科, 在开发过程中已引起若干环境工程地质问题, 因此, 加强沿海地带资源开发的环境工程地质研究有极为重要的意义。本文分析了我国沿海地带资源开发过程中引起的主要环境工程地质问题, 采用BP神经网络模型对沿海地带及其邻区的工程地质环境质量进行了评价与区划。在此基础上, 对中国沿海地带可持续发展方略进行了探讨。     

化学废旧电池的环境污染和利用

本文就化学电池的种类、废旧电池的危害、电池工业的发展方向、国内外废旧电池的再生和利用情况进行了讨论,并对我国废旧电池的回收提出一些合理的建议。     

CFC and Halon replacements in the environment

Substitute fluorocarbons may have direct environmental impact, for example as greenhouse gases, or indirect impacts through the products of their decomposition in the environment. The mechanisms of that atmospheric decomposition are reviewed here and shown to be well established now. The end products are halogen acids and trifluoroacetic acid, all of which pre-exist in the environment in quantities greater than are expected to arise from fluorocarbon use and emissions. Furthermore, the growth in use of fluorocarbon replacements has been shown to be far less than the fall in CFC and Halon production. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) have replaced less than one third of CFCs and are, themselves, ozone depleting substances that will be phased out under the Montreal Protocol. The growth in hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) amounts to about 10% of the fall in CFCs. It is likely that the impact of new fluorocarbons on climate change will be a very small fraction of the total impact, which comes mainly from the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.     

Radon decay products attached to clothes in a nuclear laboratory

A whole body counter determined the presence of radioactivities up to 21.8 kBq for ²¹⁴Bi and up to 18.7 kBq for ²¹⁴Pb attached to clothes of workers in a Nuclear Research Laboratory. A radon survey reveals that 80% of the monitoring areas have radon concentration values lower than 500 Bq m⁻³, while 10% of the sampling points with values bigger than 1 kBq m⁻³ correspond to the workers mentioned above. By exposing samples of 0.04 m² clothes in a radon chamber, it was observed that radon decay products ²¹⁴Bi and ²¹⁴Pb were attached to them with an activity of 315–618 Bq per each kBq m⁻³ of Rn concentration additionally, fibres characterised with a lower electrostatics build up showed the lower attachment.     

环境力学与可持续发展

展望21世纪,环境问题是人类面临的最具有挑战性的课题,环境力学是力学学科新的生长点,本文概述了环境力学的历史沿革,还根据社会和经济可持续发展的需要和我国国情,提出了环境力学的研究方向与关键性基础研究问题,并以若干实例说明进行环境力学研究的途径．      

京九线(江西段)区域生态保护·建设对策

阐述京九线（江西段）区域的四大特点,分析该区域的生态环境状况,提出京九线（江西段）区域生态保护建设对策和建议。