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61.
A rectangular loop (thermosyphon) was used to measure the average heat transfer coefficients for water at atmospheric pressure under natural circulation conditions. A twenty-one tube bundle with tubes 1.65 m long and 9.55 mm in diameter, and a pitch-to-diameter ratio of 1.33, was used as a test heat exchanger in one of the vertical legs of the loop. A natural circulation flow in the loop developed due to buoyancy differences of the fluid in its two vertical legs. Flow visualization experiments were performed to determine the flow regimes associated with natural circulation flow longitudinal to a tube bundle. Empirical correlations for the average Nusselt number have been developed and are reported. Grid spacers arranged on tube bundles were shown to enhance heat transfer, especially for laminar flow, without any noticeable increase in pressure drop. 相似文献
62.
组合催化剂上丙烷选择氧化制丙烯酸 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
考察了在C3H8氧化脱氢的NiZrO催化剂和C3H6选择氧化的Mo基催化剂组成的组合催化剂上C3H8选择氧化制取丙烯酸的反应性能.结果表明,两个催化剂比例适当时,反应的丙烯酸收率可达最大.优化温度、烷氧比、空速以及N2含量等反应条件的结果发现,反应体系中O2的匮乏会严重影响反应性能.在有氧分布器的反应装置中对所选组合催化剂在优化的反应条件下进行了30h稳定性测试,结果表明,在340oC,反应性能基本稳定,C3H8转化率和丙烯酸选择性可分别维持在~20%和~74%. 相似文献
63.
A novel kind of supported combined liquid membrane(SCLM) has been studied for the Gd(Ⅲ) transfer.SCLM contained polyvinylidene fluoride membrane(PVDF) as the liquid membrane support and renewal solution including HNO3 solution as the stripping solution and 2-ethyl hexyl phosphonic acid-mono-2-ethyl hexyl ester(HEH(EH)P) as the carrier dissolved in kerosene. The mixed solution of carrier and kerosene was membrane solution.The optimum transport conditions of Gd(Ⅲ) were that concentration of HNO3 solution was 4.00 mol/L,concentration of carrier was 0.16 mol/L,and volume ratio of membrane solution to stripping solution was 30:30 of the renewal phase,and pH value was 4.80 of the feed phase.Under the optimum condition studied, when initial concentration of Gd(Ⅲ) was 1.00×10-4 mol/L,the transfer rate of Gd(Ⅲ) was 96.8%during 130 min. 相似文献
64.
A nonlinear model of a low pressure cylinder-generator rotor system is presented to study sub-synchronous resonance and combined
resonance. Analytical results are obtained by an averaging method. Transition sets and bifurcation diagrams are obtained based
on the singularity theory for the two-state variable system. The bifurcation characteristics are analyzed to provide a basis
for the optimal design and fault diagnosis of the rotor system. Finally, the theoretical results are verified with the numerical
results. 相似文献
65.
66.
How to solve the inference problem of candidate database web surveys is an urgent problem to be solved in the development of web survey. In order to solve this problem, the inference method of non-probability sampling based on superpopulation pseudo design and the combined sample is proposed. A superpopulation model is firstly built up to construct pseudo weights for a survey sample of the web candidate database. The estimator of the population mean is then computed according to the combined sample composed of the survey sample of the web candidate database and a probability sample. The variance estimator of the population mean estimator is lastly derived according to the variance estimation theory of the superpopulation model. The Bootstrap and Jackknife methods are also used to compute the variance estimator. And all these variance estimation methods are compared. The research results show that the population mean estimator based on superpopulation pseudo design and the combined sample is better, and has higher efficiency than the estimator only using the probability sample and the weighted estimator only using the survey sample of the web candidate database. The variance estimator computed by using the VM1, VM2 and VM3 method are relatively better. 相似文献
67.
Recent manipulations on vertebrates showed that the fear of preda-
tors, caused by prey after they perceived predation risk, could reduce the prey''s
reproduction greatly. And it''s known that predator-prey systems with fear ef-
fect exhibit very rich dynamics. On the other hand, incorporating the time
delay into predator-prey models could also induce instability and oscillations
via Hopf bifurcation. In this paper, we are interested in studying the com-
bined effects of the fear effect and time delay on the dynamics of the classic
Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model. It''s shown that the time delay can cause
the stable equilibrium to become unstable, while the fear effect has a stabi-
lizing effect on the equilibrium. In particular, the model loses stability when
the delay varies and then regains its stability when the fear effect is stronger.
At last, by using the normal form theory and center manifold argument, we
derive explicit formulas which determine the stability and direction of periodic
solutions bifurcating from Hopf bifurcation. Numerical simulations are carried
to explain the mathematical conclusions. 相似文献
68.
69.
70.
采用光纤技术实现拉曼光谱和扫描隧道显微镜实时联用测试 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
设计并制作了与扫描隧道显微镜(STM)探头和拉曼光谱仪相适配的光纤探测装置,该装置采用配有不很短焦距的自聚焦透镜以获得较大的相对孔径,并使用多束光纤以充分利用扫描隧道显微镜探针周围有限空间,提高了拉曼散射光的收集效率,获得具有较高信噪比的拉曼谱图,在该装置的基础上进一步建立拉曼-扫描隧道显微镜联用系统,初步实验表明该联用系统用于实时研究固/气和固/液界面体系是可行的,即利用扫描隧道显微镜可获得固体 相似文献