气相色谱-质谱法测定水中25种挥发性有机物及其在污水厂应急溯源中的应用

采用吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱法测定水中25种挥发性有机物的含量,并研究了其在污水厂应急溯源中的应用。25种挥发性有机物在一定的质量浓度范围内与其峰面积呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3.143s)在0.6~5.0μg·L-1之间。以空白样品为基体进行加标回收试验,所得回收率在91.6%~102%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)在2.7%~4.6%之间。在一起污水厂冲击案例中,通过污水管网采样及污水样品分析,确定污染因子二氯甲烷,并根据二氯甲烷浓度变化快速锁定污染源头,确保污水厂出口水质达标。     

Focused ultrasound solid-liquid extraction and selective pressurised liquid extraction to determine bisphenol A and alkylphenols in sewage sludge by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

A new method for determining endocrine disrupter compounds (EDCs) in sewage sludge is described in this paper. EDCs studied were bisphenol A (BPA) and alkylphenols (APs). In order to obtain a fast and simple method, selective pressurised liquid extraction (SPLE) and focused ultrasound solid-liquid extraction (FUSLE) were tested. Best results for SPLE were obtained using Florisil as clean-up sorbent and dichloromethane as extraction solvent, while temperature was the only significant variable. Analyte extraction by SPLE was completed in only one extraction cycle of 1 min at 130 °C. FUSLE was carried out in one step of 20 s at 75% power (0.5 cycles) and with 8 mL of ethyl acetate. Although the optimised FUSLE process was faster, simpler and cheaper, SPLE provided higher recovery values (ranging from 81 to 105%) and therefore SPLE-based method was selected and validated. The SPLE and GC-MS method showed an LOD of 10.7 ng/g for BPA and LODs between 1.2 and 41.6 ng/g for APs. Relative standard deviation values lower than 6% were obtained for all analytes. As a result, an efficient, fast and simple method based on SPLE and GC-MS for the determination of BPA and APs in sewage sludge is proposed.     

Determination of azoles in sewage sludge from Spanish wastewater treatment plants by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A simple and rapid analytical method for the determination of 16 azoles in sewage sludge has been developed and validated. The method was based on ultrasound-assisted extraction followed by dispersive solid-phase extraction cleanup and liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometric detection. The azoles were selected by their intensive usage as biocides (tebuconazole, propiconazole, cyproconazole and thiabendazole), antimycotic pharmaceuticals (ketoconazole, econazole, fluconazole and clotrimazole) or fungicides in agriculture (difenoconazole, flusilazole, hexaconazole, prochloraz, bromuconazole, epoxiconazole and triticonazole). The recoveries of these compounds through the method were between 71.9 and 115.8%, with relative standard deviations lower than 20%. Detection limits were in the range of 0.5-5.0 ng/g. The developed method was applied to the analysis of azoles in sewage sludge samples collected from 19 Spanish wastewater treatment plants. Although azoles used as biocides or agriculture fungicides were present in a few sludge samples, the pharmaceuticals ketoconazole, econazole and clotrimazole were present in all of the analyzed sludge samples, being ketoconazole the one found at the highest level, representing the 68.6% of the total azole content found in the 19 sludge samples studied.     

Analysis of perfluorinated compounds in sewage sludge by pressurized solvent extraction followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are widely used in everyday life and one of the main recipients of these compounds is waste water treatment plants (WWTPs). Due to the structure and physicochemical properties of PFCs, these compounds could be redistributed from influent water to sludge. This work reports a new validated protocol for the analysis of 13 perfluorinated acids, 4 perfluorosulfonates and the perfluorooctanesulfonamide. The present work has been focused to develop a sensitive and robust method for the analysis of 18 PFCs in sewage sludge, based on pressurized solvent extraction (PSE) followed by solid phase extraction (SPE) clean-up, analytes separation by liquid chromatography and analysis in a hybrid quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometer (LC-QLiT-MS/MS) working in single reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. The final methodology was validated using a blank sewage sludge fortified at different concentration levels. The method limits of detection were ranging in general from 15 to 79 ng/kg. These values were comparable to the decision limit (CCα) and the detection capability (CCβ), which were 17-1134 ng/kg and 18-1347 ng/kg, respectively. The percentage of recovery was from 79 to 111% in the most cases at different spiked levels. Finally, the repeatability of the method was in the range 4% (PFOS and PFOA) to 25% (RSD %). In order to evaluate the applicability of the method, 5 sludge samples were analyzed. The results showed that the 18 PFCs were present in all samples. However, the concentrations for most of them were below the limits of quantification. The compound present at higher concentrations was perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), which was in concentrations from 53.0 to 121.1 μg/kg. The other PFCs were at concentrations between 0.3 and 30.3 μg/kg.     

Hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction as a preconcentration and clean-up step after pressurized hot water extraction for the determination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in sewage sludge

A method for the quantitative determination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in sewage sludge was developed and validated. The target compounds were extracted using pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) and then purified and preconcentrated by three-phase hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME) followed by LC–ESI-MS analysis. The PHWE was optimized with regard to the pH of solvent as well as other operational parameters. The optimum conditions were 0.01 M NaOH as the extraction solvent, temperature of 120 °C, pressure of 100 bar, static time 5 min, 5 cycles, flush volume 90% and purge time 60 s. Spike recoveries for sludge samples spiked at 200 ng g⁻¹ were in the range of 101–109% but for the native drugs in non-spiked sludge samples, recoveries were 38.9%, 59.8%, 90.3% and 47.8% for ketoprofen, naproxen, diclofenac and ibuprofen, respectively. Donor phase pH, ionic strength and extraction time were optimized for HF-LPME after PHWE. The optimum conditions were 2 h extraction at pH 1.5 without salt addition. Enrichment factors in the range of 947–1213 times were achieved (extraction recoveries were 23.6–30.3%) for HF-LPME after PHWE. The matrix effect on the ionization of drugs in LC–ESI-MS was also investigated. The results show that there is a smaller matrix effect (−8.9% to +14.6%) in comparison with other published values obtained using solid phase extraction (SPE) for clean-up after pressurized liquid extraction (PLE). Method detection limits (MDLs) and method quantification limits (MQLs) for different drugs were in the range of 0.4–3.7 ng g⁻¹ and 1.5–12.2 ng g⁻¹ in dried sludge samples, respectively. The characteristics of the proposed method were compared with those of other published works. The considerably lower ion suppression/enhancement and minimum use of organic solvents (a few microliters of di-n-hexyl ether) in the sample preparation step are two highlighted advantages of the proposed method in comparison with previously published works. The method was applied to determine NSAIDs in sewage sludge from Källby wastewater treatment plant (Lund, Sweden) in April, June, August and October 2010. The highest concentration level was recorded for ibuprofen in the April sewage sludge sample (588 ng g⁻¹) and all of the selected NSAIDs were detected in all the samples analyzed.     

Multi-residue analysis of drugs of abuse in wastewater and surface water by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-positive electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry

A new-multi residue method was developed for the environmental monitoring of 65 stimulants, opiod and morphine derivatives, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, dissociative anaesthetics, drug precursors, human urine indicators and their metabolites in wastewater and surface water. The proposed analytical methodology offers rapid analysis for a large number of compounds, with low limits of quantification and utilises only one solid-phase extraction-ultra performance liquid chromatography-positive electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS) method, thus overcoming the drawbacks of previously published procedures. The method employed solid phase extraction with the usage of Oasis MCX sorbent and subsequent ultra performance liquid chromatography-positive electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. The usage of a 1.7 μm particle size column (1 mm×150 mm) resulted in very low flow rates (0.04 mLmin(-1)), and as a consequence gave good sensitivity, low mobile phase consumption and short retention times for all compounds (from 2.9 to 23.1 min). High SPE recoveries (>60%) were obtained for the majority of compounds. The mean correlation coefficients of the calibration curves were typically higher than 0.997 and showed good linearity in the range 0-1000 μgL(-1). The method limits of detection ranged from 0.1 ngL(-1) for compounds including cocaine, benzoylecgonine, norbenzoylecgonine and 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD to 100 ngL(-1) for caffeine. Method quantification limits ranged from 0.5 to 154.2 ngL(-1). Intra- and inter-day repeatabilities were on average less than 10%. The method accuracy range was within -33.1 to 30.1%. The new multi-residue method was used to analyse drugs of abuse in wastewater and river water in the UK environment. Of the targeted 65 compounds, 46 analytes were detected at levels above the method quantification limit (MQL) in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) influent, 43 in WWTP effluent and 36 compounds in river water.     

热处理棕褐色电气石光谱学特征与颜色成因初探

电气石属三方晶系的硼铝硅酸盐,主要有铁电气石、锂电气石、镁电气石、钠-锰电气石等品种,因含不同的过渡元素或色心而呈绿、蓝、黄、红、粉、棕和黑色。选取棕褐色电气石样品在还原和中性气氛加热3 h,结果显示,600 ℃晶体出现大量裂隙;500和450 ℃棕褐色调减弱,透明度大大提升,500 ℃裂隙稍多;350 ℃加热,样品变绿黄棕色;250 ℃加热样品略微变浅,仍为棕褐色调;加热后∥c轴切面见明显绿色与棕色二色性,垂直c轴切面,即{0001}面,为棕色;综合显示,最佳变色温度在450~500 ℃。利用X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、红外吸收光谱(IR)和紫外-可见光吸收光谱(UV-Vis)对热处理前后样品进行分析,样品属于富Mn和Fe的锂电气石。样品中红外特征吸收峰在3 800~3 400,1 350~1 250,1 200~800与800 cm-1,近红外光谱有4 720,4 597,4 537,4 441,4 343,4 203和4 170 cm-1特征峰。热处理后,由M-OH(M为Al,Mg,Fe和Mn等)伸缩和弯曲振动所致的3 800~3 400 cm-1吸收峰减弱,600 ℃消失,与加热失水行为导致的结构水弯曲/伸缩振动减弱有关;近红外光谱4 170和4 720 cm-1吸收消失。棕褐色电气石在∥c轴切面的可见光范围内具有715,540和417 nm吸收带,依次为Fe2+ d-d(5T_2g→5E_g)跃迁、Fe2+→Fe3+(IVCT)、Fe2+→Ti4+(IVCT)所致。样品具有高的Mn含量,417 nm附近的吸收可能存在Mn2+ d-d (6A_1g→4A_1g, 4T_Eg)自旋禁阻跃迁产生的413/414 nm叠加。热处理使Mn3+还原成Mn2+,Mn2+增加导致414 nm吸收峰增强,因此417 nm附近吸收带变化不大。同时,热处理后与Mn3+有关的520 nm吸收也同时消失,520 nm吸收带的存在也可能是540 nm吸收带呈非对称吸收峰的原因。450 ℃以上热处理后,715和417 nm吸收带变化不大,位于绿光区的540 nm吸收带消失,分析认为加热使得部分Fe3+还原为Fe2+,导致Fe2+→Fe3+(IVCT)减少,在∥c轴切面上540 nm吸收显著减弱。540 nm吸收带在绿色光区域,其消失导致绿色光透过,样品呈绿色。     

Effects of High-Pressure Treatment on the Sensory Quality of White Grape Juice

The effects of high-pressure treatment on the colour (objective measurement) and sensory characteristics of white grape juice were studied during storage at 4 °C for 60 days. Grape juice was subjected to three different treatments: 400 or 500 MPa at 2 u °C, and 400 MPa at 40 °C during 10 min. Untreated juice was used as control. Colour parameters (CIE L * a * b *), hue angle (tan m 1 b */ a *), chroma {( a * 2 + b * 2 ) 1/2 }, luminosity Q *{(10 2 log( L *) + 100} and saturation S *( C */ L *) were measured. Juices were evaluated for sweetness, acidity, off-flavour and aroma. High-pressure treatments did not affect the colour parameters of juice, and similar sensory characteristics were observed in both control and treated samples on the first day. The colour and sensory characteristics of pressure-treated samples remained more stable than those of the control juice during 60 days of storage. The control juice was slightly fermented developing some changes in flavour and colour.     

The impact of long-term botulinum toxin injections on symptom severity in patients with spasmodic dysphonia

Injection of botulinum toxin (BT) into the muscles of the larynx is an effective treatment for the symptoms of spasmodic dysphonia (SD). To date, however, there have been no studies that have used blinded raters to assess the efficacy of BT injections on overall symptom severity in a cohort of SD patients followed over a prolonged period. In this study, 102 subjects with SD were treated with serial BT injections for up to 2 years. Voice recordings were obtained at several time points during treatment and were played to a panel of expert and novice listeners who rated them based on overall symptom severity in a single-blind fashion. Subjects demonstrated significant improvement over baseline at all time points. In addition, patients showed a sustained responsiveness to therapy over time. These results provide support for the efficacy of serial BT injections for SD and suggest that successful treatment may depend, in part, on patients' early recognition of returning symptoms.