Hardness and elastic moduli of high pressure synthesized MoB2 and WB2 compacts

High pressure and high temperature synthesized MoB₂ and WB₂ compacts were investigated using X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive spectroscope, scanning electron microscope, Vickers indentation test and ultrasonic measurements. Experiments showed that both MoB₂ and WB₂ compacts are phase pure and with a grain size of 100–200 nm. Vickers indentation test under a large loading force of 49 N showed that the Vickers hardness of MoB₂ and WB₂ are about 21 and 22 GPa, respectively. The bulk modulus and shear modulus are about 296 GPa, and 190 GPa for MoB₂ and 349 and 200 GPa for WB₂ through ultrasonic measurements. Our results indicate that MoB₂ and WB₂ are both hard materials with a hardness similar to that of tungsten carbide, which is widely used in industry.     

Pressure-induced structural transition and thermodynamic properties of RhN₂ and the effect of metallic bonding on its hardness

The elastic constant,structural phase transition,and effect of metallic bonding on the hardness of RhN 2 under high pressure are investigated through the first-principles calculation by means of the pseudopotential plane-wave method.Three structures are chosen to investigate for RhN 2,namely,simple hexagonal P6/mmm(denoted as SH),orthorhombic Pnnm(marcasite),and simple tetragonal P4/mbm(denoted as ST).Our calculations show that the SH phase is energetically more stable than the other two phases at zero pressure.On the basis of the third-order Birch-Murnaghan equation of states,we find that the phase transition pressures from an SH to a marcasite structure and from a marcasite to an ST structure are 1.09 GPa and 354.57 GPa,respectively.Elastic constants,formation enthalpies,shear modulus,Young’s modulus,and Debye temperature of RhN 2 are derived.The calculated values are,generally speaking,in good agreement with the previous theoretical results.Meanwhile,it is found that the pressure has an important influence on physical properties.Moreover,the effect of metallic bonding on the hardness of RhN 2 is investigated.This is a quantitative investigation on the structural properties of RhN 2,and it still awaits experimental confirmation.     

Mechanical Properties and Electronic Structure of N and Ta Doped TiC: A First-Principles Study

The first principles calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) are employed to investigate the mechanical properties and electronic structure of N and Ta doped TiC. The result shows that the co-doping of nitrogen and tantalum dilates the lattice constant and improves the stability of TiC. Nitrogen and tantalum can significantly enhance the elastic constants and elastic moduli of TiC. The results of B/G and C₁₂-C₄₄ indicate tantalum can markedly increase the ductility of TiC. The electronic structure is calculated to describe the bonding characteristic, which revealed the strong hybridization between C-p and Ta-d and between N-p and Ti-d. The hardnessis is estimated by a semi-empirical model that is based on the Mulliken overlap population and bond length. While the weakest bond takes determinative role of the hardness of materials, the addition of Ta sharply reduces the hardness of TiC.     

Elastic and thermodynamic properties of vanadium nitride under pressure and the effect of metallic bonding on its hardness

By the particle-swarm optimization method, it is predicted that tetragonal P42mc, 141md, and orthorhombic Amm2 phases of vanadium nitride （VN） are energetically more stable than NaCl-type structure at 0 K. The enthalpies of the predicted three new VN phases, along with WC, NaC1, AsNi, CsCl type structures, are calculated each as a function of pressure. It is found that VN exhibits the WC-to-CsCl type phase transition at 256 GPa. For the considered seven crystal- lographic VN phases, the structures, elastic constants, bulk moduli, shear moduli, and Debye temperatures are investigated. Our calculated equilibrium structural parameters are in very good agreement with the available experimental results and the previous theoretical results for the NaC1 phase. The Debye temperatures of VN predicted three novel phases, which are all higher than those of the remaining structures. The elastic constants, thermodynamic properties, and elastic anisotropies of VN under pressure are obtained and the mechanical stabilities are analyzed in detail based on the mechanical stability criteria. Moreover, the effect of metallic bonding on the hardness of VN is also investigated, which shows that VNs in P42mc, 141md, and Amm2 phases are potential superhard phases. Further investigation on the experimental level is highly recommended to confirm our calculations presented in this paper.     

轮轨材料硬度匹配性能试验研究

利用滚动磨损试验机研究了车轮钢与U71 Mn热轧钢轨的硬度匹配性能,分析了不同硬度车轮与U71 Mn钢轨匹配时的摩擦磨损与表面损伤行为.结果表明:车轮硬度对轮轨试样滚动摩擦系数基本无影响;随车轮硬度增加,车轮磨损量呈下降趋势,钢轨磨损量表现为线性增加,轮轨总磨损量呈先降低后增加的趋势,轨轮硬度相同时轮轨系统总磨损量达到最小.车轮硬度对车轮和钢轨试样表面损伤形貌有一定影响,车轮硬度低时车轮表面损伤以麻点式剥落损伤为主,随车轮硬度增加试样表面发生大块剥落损伤,对摩副钢轨试样主要表现为表面剥落损伤机制.     

水分对猪牙表面硬度和摩擦系数的影响

本文采用猪牙为研究对象,通过干燥和浸泡处理来控制猪牙釉质中的水分含量,利用维氏硬度仪和纳米压痕/划痕仪,研究了水分对离体生物硬组织力学性能和摩擦学特性的影响.结果表明:水含量能引起猪牙釉质表层硬度和摩擦系数的恢复性变化.猪牙表层硬度会随着水分的减少而升高,在水分再次增加后回落.猪牙表面摩擦系数随着水分的减少而降低,在水分再次增加后回升.     

Ti、TiN、TiO2改性层的纳米力学性能测试与分析

采用等离子表面合金化技术,分别在316L不锈钢表面制备出渗Ti改性层、渗TiN改性层和TiO2改性层薄膜.使用连续刚度法,从截面方向和表面方向对改性层进行纳米压痕实验,研究改性层的纳米力学性能.实验测得材料在压痕过程中的载荷—位移曲线以及硬度和模量随压入深度的连续变化值.结果表明,改性层纳米力学特性表现为各向异性;TiN改性层的力学性能表现良好.TiO2改性层由渗Ti改性层经氧化制成,二者的弹性模量和硬度在截面方向上变化规律相似,在表面方向上数值相近.     

Optical method for determining the hardness of metals and alloys

We present an optical method for determining the hardness of metals, based on the correlation between the thermal diffusion coefficient and the hardness of the material. Spatial and temporal modulation localized in the nonstationary thermal wave profiles is transferred to the surface of the metal, where the time evolution of the speckle images produced by a probing laser beam is recorded by a CCD camera. A special algorithm for processing the speckle images allows us to determine the thermal diffusion coefficient. Experimental studies on steel samples confirmed the workability of the proposed method. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 76, No. 3, pp. 460–465, May–June, 2009.     

含氟丙烯酸酯-苯乙烯共聚物的制备及其表面性能的研究

研究了聚合工艺、含氟丙烯酸酯类单体种类和用量、苯乙烯和自由基引发剂用量及硅烷偶联剂、催化剂等因素对含氟丙烯酸酯-乙烯共聚物表面性能的影响。结果表明：聚合工艺、含氟丙烯酸酯类单体种类和用量对共聚物表面的憎水性能有显著的影响;采用延时滴加含氟丙烯酸酯类单体可提高共聚物膜表面的憎水性;随含氟丙烯酸酯类单体侧链含氟烷基的链长和氟原子数及含氟单体用量的增加,共聚物水接触角增大,吸水率下降;共聚物薄膜的硬度则与含氟丙烯酸酯类单体中α-取代基、侧链含氟烷基的链长和用量、苯乙烯用量、引发剂浓度等相关;硅烷偶联剂和催化交联剂的加入可提高共聚物薄膜的强度。