The porosity, acidity, and reactivity of dealuminated zeolite ZSM-5 at the single particle level: the influence of the zeolite architecture

A combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM), high‐resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR‐SEM), focused‐ion‐beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB‐SEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), confocal fluorescence microscopy (CFM), and UV/Vis and synchrotron‐based IR microspectroscopy was used to investigate the dealumination processes of zeolite ZSM‐5 at the individual crystal level. It was shown that steaming has a significant impact on the porosity, acidity, and reactivity of the zeolite materials. The catalytic performance, tested by the styrene oligomerization and methanol‐to‐olefin reactions, led to the conclusion that mild steaming conditions resulted in greatly enhanced acidity and reactivity of dealuminated zeolite ZSM‐5. Interestingly, only residual surface mesoporosity was generated in the mildly steamed ZSM‐5 zeolite, leading to rapid crystal coloration and coking upon catalytic testing and indicating an enhanced deactivation of the zeolites. In contrast, harsh steaming conditions generated 5–50 nm mesopores, extensively improving the accessibility of the zeolites. However, severe dealumination decreased the strength of the Brønsted acid sites, causing a depletion of the overall acidity, which resulted in a major drop in catalytic activity.     

一种可考虑弯曲效应的多步法及其在矩形管拉弯成形中的应用

多步法可以考虑变形历史,也顺应了多工步成形的需要,在板料成形的数值模拟中有着良好的应用前景。但传统的多步法主要是基于膜单元的,没有能够准确地考虑成形中的弯曲效应,不适合模拟弯曲变形占主导的成形过程,如型材的拉弯成形。为此,本文将无转动自由度的BST壳单元引入,通过单元片内四个相邻单元,方便地计算出相邻构型的曲率,并通过...     

Influence of the seed polymer on the chromatographic properties of size monodisperse polymeric separation media prepared by a multi-step swelling and polymerization method

Monodisperse polymer particle-based separation media were prepared by a multi-step swelling and polymerization method with two pairs of monomers and two porogenic solvents. Their chromatographic properties were compared to those of beads prepared by a corresponding suspension polymerization method without the use of seed polymer to ascertain the influence of the seed polymer on their porous structures. A large change in porous structure was observed when the swollen particle consisting of monomers and porogenic solvents contained at least one good solvent for the polystyrene seed polymer, allowing it to remain in the polymerizing medium. In contrast, when the polystyrene seed particle was excluded from the swollen oil droplets, due to its poor solubility in the monomers and the porogenic solvents, there was no difference in the chromatographic properties such as pore volume, pore size, pore size distribution, or retention selectivity between the multi-step swelling and polymerization method and the suspension polymerization method. Since the only difference between the multi-step swelling and polymerization method and the suspension method is the use of the seed polymer, it appears that a very small amount (< 1% v/v) of seed polymers in the enlarged swollen droplets plays an important role as a porogen and affects the porous structure as well as the chromatographic properties of the monodisperse polymer particle-based separation media. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

氧化铈改性多级孔Hβ分子筛催化对二甲苯与苯乙炔烯基化反应（英文）

烯基芳香化合物是重要的精细化学品及中间体,在医药、染料、农药、香料、新型高分子材料和天然产品等化学工业领域得到广泛应用.传统工艺采用芳香化合物与烯基化合物的反应合成烯基芳香化合物.但是,传统过程存在许多不足:(1)芳环需预活化,如卤代等;(2)伴生氢卤酸等废物,污染环境;(3)原子经济性差.因此,研究烯基芳香化合物的清洁、高原子经济性合成备受关注.采用芳香化合物与炔基化合物的烯基化,可以100%原子经济性地合成烯基芳香化合物,且芳环无需预活化,不产生废弃物.因此,通过芳香化合物与炔的烯基化路线来合成烯基芳香化合物引起了人们的极大兴趣.尤其是固体酸催化烯基化,工艺成本低,清洁无污染,颇具工业前景.然而,固体酸催化烯基化不同于烷基化,烯基阳离子稳定性很差,比碳正离子易于聚合,进而导致催化剂积碳失活.微孔沸石分子筛用于烯基化存在底物适用范围窄、催化效率低、选择性差和炔聚合严重的问题.本研究组开展了硫酸化的镧锆氧化物介孔固体超强酸、担载磷钨酸介孔固体酸催化烯基化.采用前者,合成有序的介孔镧锆氧化物较为困难;而采用后者,催化剂的再生需要大量有机溶剂,会造成环境污染.硅铝分子筛固体酸易于制备,且可以通过简单的焙烧来再生.多级孔分子筛具有微孔分子筛和介孔分子筛的双重优势,用于烯基化反应可望获得良好效果.本文采用碱、酸对商业微孔β沸石分子筛进行处理,通过脱硅、脱铝过程来合成多级孔β分子筛,并进行稀土金属铈改性,从而制备了氧化铈改性的多级孔β分子筛,研究了其催化对二甲苯与苯乙炔的烯基化反应.通过改变碱浓度和酸浓度,对所制备的多级孔β分子筛的织构性质和酸性质进行调控,在优化的条件下获得了良好的烯基化催化性能,得到95.8%的苯乙炔转化率和95.1%的目标产物α-2,5-二甲苯基苯乙烯的选择性,总的烯基化产物(α-和β-烯基芳香化合物)的选择性达到98%.相对于微孔β分子筛,所制备的多级孔β分子筛展示了显著增强的催化活性和稳定性,目标产物选择性也有所提高.显著提高的催化性能归因于多级孔分子筛的传质强化和酸性位的增多.氧化铈的改性使得多级孔β分子筛的弱、中等和强酸中心的数目减少,可能源于减少了表面暴露的B酸位,从而导致了催化稳定性的显著提高.可见,本文所制备的氧化铈改性多级孔β分子筛用于烯基化反应具有一定前景.     

采用PEABr添加剂获得高效且稳定的碳基CsPbBr3太阳能电池

全无机CsPbBr₃钙钛矿材料因其本征稳定性好、成本低廉从而在光伏领域展现出巨大的应用潜力,但目前CsPbBr₃太阳能电池的光电转换效率仍远低于其他体系的钙钛矿太阳能电池.本文以无空穴传输层结构的碳基CsPbBr₃全无机钙钛矿电池作为研究对象,以多步旋涂法为基础,通过在PbBr₂(DMF)溶液中添加2-苯乙胺溴盐(PEABr)来调控CsPbBr₃薄膜的结晶质量,降低薄膜缺陷态密度,钝化晶粒间界,并对其中的关键工艺参数包括CsBr的用量(旋涂次数)、旋涂PbBr₂薄膜时的衬底预热温度以及退火温度进行了优化.最终在大气环境下获得了兼具稳定和高效的无空穴传输层结构的碳基CsPbBr₃太阳能电池,器件的光电转换效率达到8.25%,并在无封装条件下保存1500 h仍可保持90%以上的效率,对于进一步拓展CsPbBr₃钙钛矿电池的优化设计思路具有重要意义.     

H-MCM-22沸石分子筛中Brnsted/Lewis酸协同效应的~1H 和~(27)Al双量子魔角旋转固体核磁共振研究

采用各种固体核磁共振 (NMR) 技术详细研究了 H-MCM-22 分子筛中 Brnsted/Lewis 酸的协同效应. 二维 1H 双量子魔角旋转 (DQ-MAS) NMR 结果表明, 在脱铝 H-MCM-22 分子筛中 Brnsted 酸位 (骨架桥式羟基) 和 Lewis 酸位 (非骨架铝羟基) 之间是空间邻近的, 暗示着可能存在 B/L 酸协同效应. 二维 27Al DQ-MAS NMR 结果揭示了各种铝物种之间的空间邻近性, 表明 B/L 酸协同效应优先发生在 H-MCM-22 分子筛超笼中的骨架 T6 位铝和非骨架铝物种之间. 2-13C-丙酮探针分子实验发现, 因 B/L 酸协同效应而导致脱铝 H-MCM-22 分子筛酸性明显增强, 氘代吡啶探针分子实验也证实在 H-MCM-22 分子筛的超笼中发生了 B/L 酸协同效应. 上述结果将有助于我们理解在脱铝 H-MCM-22 分子筛上发生的多相催化机理.     

天然丝光沸石多步脱铝-钛化制备钛硅分子筛

以优选的天然丝光沸石为原料, 采用多步脱铝-钛化法合成钛硅分子筛, 利用 X 射线粉末衍射、紫外-可见光谱、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱、N2 吸附-脱附法以及氨程序升温脱附等手段对其进行了表征, 并考察了它在苯乙烯氧化反应中的催化性能. 结果表明, 该方法可成功地将 Ti 同晶取代到天然丝光沸石的骨架中, 其 Si/Ti 达到 79, 且能稳定地保持天然丝光沸石的结构. 该钛硅分子筛在以 H2O2 水溶液为氧化剂的苯乙烯氧化反应中表现有良好的催化活性, 是商业 TS-1 催化剂的 75%, 具有一定的应用前景.     

Duhamel项的精细积分方法在非线性微分方程数值求解中的应用

基于Duhamel项的精细积分方法,构造了几种求解非线性微分方程的数值算法。首先将非线性微分方程在形式上划分为线性部分和非线性部分,对非线性部分进行多项式近似,利用Duhamel积分矩阵,导出了非线性方程求解的一般格式。然后结合传统的数值积分技术,例如Adams线性多步法等,构造了基于精细积分方法的相应算法。本文算法利用了精细积分方法对线性部分求解高度精确的优点,大大提高了传统算法的数值精度和稳定性,尤其是对于刚性问题。本文构造的算法不需要对线性系统矩阵求逆,可以方便的考察不同的线性系统矩阵对算法性能的影响。数值算例验证了本文算法的有效性,并表明非线性系统的线性化矩阵作为线性部分是比较合理的选择。     

Metric-Based Parameterizations for Multi-Step Unconstrained Optimization

We consider multi-step quasi-Newton methods for unconstrained optimization. These methods were introduced by Ford and Moghrabi (Appl. Math., vol. 50, pp. 305–323, 1994; Optimization Methods and Software, vol. 2, pp. 357–370, 1993), who showed how interpolating curves could be used to derive a generalization of the Secant Equation (the relation normally employed in the construction of quasi-Newton methods). One of the most successful of these multi-step methods makes use of the current approximation to the Hessian to determine the parameterization of the interpolating curve in the variable-space and, hence, the generalized updating formula. In this paper, we investigate new parameterization techniques to the approximate Hessian, in an attempt to determine a better Hessian approximation at each iteration and, thus, improve the numerical performance of such algorithms.     

组合蒸馏技术用于气相色谱分析的样品前处理

研究了一种组合蒸馏方法的样品前处理技术,并将其研制成样品预处理装置,运用载体、携带体和组合蒸馏技术实现待测样品中微量成分的提取、分离和富集。将分子蒸馏收集端的冷端接收器设计为可更换结构,避免了样品的交叉污染问题。在乙酸乙酯中添加4种有机磷农残标样作为评价样品,所研制的装置能自动将农残组分富集到2 mL邻苯二甲酸二甲酯中。利用气相色谱分析的结果,对该样品前处理装置的分离富集参数进行了优化。实验结果表明,该方法能完全除去蛋白、脂肪、色素等对气相色谱分析有干扰的组分;能将待测微量组分的浓度富集150倍以上;回收率为90%～117%,相对标准偏差为1.3%~10%;最小检出浓度为1 ng/mL;可以处理高于100 g的样品量;可以得到几十毫克至上百毫克的目标组分;有机试剂的回收利用率大于95%;操作简单方便。用模拟样品做了实际应用实验。该技术适合沸程为120～600 ℃组分的富集。所研制的装置适用于大量样品中痕量组分的半制备级富集。