The rapid and automatic combination of proton MRSI data using multi-channel coils without water suppression

The use of multi-channel coils can efficiently increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of magnetic resonance spectroscopy data if the signals from multiple channels are optimally combined. Combining multi-channel signals requires proper alignment of the phases of the signals from each of the elements of the coil and then accurately weighting the summation of those signals. We present a procedure for acquiring proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) data using an eight-channel coil without water suppression and a rapid and robust method that uses unsuppressed water signal as a reference both for aligning the phases and for weighting the summation of signals that originate in the multiple coil elements. We use both computer simulation and in vivo proton MRSI data to demonstrate the advantages of our method for optimizing the SNR of the combined signal compared with the SNRs of signals that were acquired either using a standard volume head coil or using an eight-channel coil with a metabolite signal as the reference for combination.     

Improved stochastic resonance algorithm for enhancement of signal-to-noise ratio of high-performance liquid chromatographic signal

Based on the theory of stochastic resonance, an improved stochastic resonance algorithm with a new criterion for optimizing system parameters to enhance signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of HPLC/UV chromatographic signal for trace analysis was presented in this study. Compared with the conventional criterion in stochastic resonance, the proposed one can ensure satisfactory SNR as well as good peak shape of chromatographic peak in output signal. Application of the criterion to experimental weak signals of HPLC/UV was investigated and the results showed an excellent quantitative relationship between different concentrations and responses.     

A Duffing oscillator algorithm to detect the weak chromatographic signal

Based on the Duffing equation, a Duffing oscillator algorithm (DOA) to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was presented. By simulated and experimental data sets, it was proven that the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the weak signal could be greatly enhanced by this method. Using signal enhancement by DOA, this method extends the SNR of low concentrations of methylbenzene from 2.662 to 29.90 and the method can be used for quantitative analysis of methylbenzene, which are lower than detection limit of an analytical system. The Duffing oscillator algorithm (DOA) might be a promising tool to extend instrumental linear range and to improve the accuracy of trace analysis. The research enlarged the application scope of Duffing equation to chromatographic signal processing.     

Noise figure characterization of preamplifiers at NMR frequencies

A method for characterizing the noise figure of preamplifiers at NMR frequencies is presented. The noise figure of preamplifiers as used for NMR and MRI detection varies with source impedance and with the operating frequency. Therefore, to characterize a preamplifier's noise behavior, it is necessary to perform noise measurements at the targeted frequency while varying the source impedance with high accuracy. At high radiofrequencies, such impedance variation is typically achieved with transmission-line tuners, which however are not available for the relatively low range of typical NMR frequencies. To solve this issue, this work describes an alternative approach that relies on lumped-element circuits for impedance manipulation. It is shown that, using a fixed-impedance noise source and suitable ENR correction, this approach permits noise figure characterization for NMR and MRI purposes. The method is demonstrated for two preamplifiers, a generic BF998 MOSFET module and an MRI-dedicated, integrated preamplifier, which were both studied at 128MHz, i.e., at the Larmor frequency of protons at 3 Tesla. Variations in noise figure of 0.01dB or less over repeated measurements reflect high precision even for small noise figures in the order of 0.4dB. For validation, large sets of measured noise figure values are shown to be consistent with the general noise-parameter model of linear two-ports. Finally, the measured noise characteristics of the superior preamplifier are illustrated by SNR measurements in MRI data.     

基于激光驱动等离子体光源的近红外傅里叶变换光谱系统

近红外傅里叶变换光谱仪作为一种常用的科研级近红外光谱检测仪器,广泛应用于各个科研领域。目前的近红外光谱仪着重于光谱分辨率方面的提升,在光谱信噪比提升方面关注较少。光谱信噪比直接影响光谱线指数测量精度的优劣,光谱信噪比越高,光谱线指数测量精度越高,越有利于对微量物质进行精细光谱比对。因此,提升光谱仪的光谱信噪比是十分必要的。对比常用的钨灯光源,激光驱动等离子体光源(LDLS)不仅在近红外区域具有高光照强度的优点,而且其独特的高频调制输出信号在经锁相放大器调制解调后能够很好的抑制背景信号对干涉光谱所带来的影响。高亮度与辐射调制的结合使得以LDLS作为光源的近红外傅里叶变换光谱系统在光谱信噪比方面获得显著提升。基于上述原因,提出利用新型激光驱动等离子体光源作为光谱信号输出源的近红外傅里叶变换光谱系统,并与含有调制能力的钨灯光源搭建的近红外傅里叶变换光谱系统进行了信噪比的比较实验。首先利用钨灯光源由斩波器高频调制再经过锁相放大器解调的方式,对锁相放大器积分时间进行优化并通过计算干涉光谱信噪比进行评估,分别对比了积分时间为0.5,1,5,10和20 ms的干涉光谱信噪比与对称度,确定后续系统中的锁相放大器最佳积分时间为5 ms,该状态下钨灯光源所实现的干涉光谱信噪比经计算约为90∶1;其次利用激光驱动等离子体光源代替钨灯光源和斩波器,在最佳积分时间下进行干涉光谱信噪比对比评估,结果表明激光驱动等离子体光源的干涉光谱信噪比与传统钨灯光源相比提升111倍;最后,利用近红外标准片对系统进行光谱测量准确性评估,结果表明利用该光源的近红外傅里叶变换光谱系统的近红外吸收峰值误差<0.5 nm,具有高光谱准确性与分辨能力。     

扫描速度对于太赫兹时域光谱系统信号品质的影响

太赫兹时域光谱技术是太赫兹技术的一个重要研究方向,较低的扫描速度一直是限制其应用的瓶颈。对比了不同扫描速度下太赫兹时域系统光谱系统信号的品质。发现信号品质因扫描速度提高而恶化,其程度和锁相放大器的时间常数密切相关。实验结果发现,系统中噪声主要是从电路中引入的。     

受迫薛罗格双匣化学反应模型的随机共振

In order to theoretically disclose the linear and nonlinear responses of the Gaussian white noise driven Schrodinger Model of Two Boxes in chemical reaction to a weak periodic perturbation, the rate equation method is used to derive the analytical expression of linear and nonlinear susceptibilities and the signal-to noise ratio according to quadrustable or bistable adiabatic approximations with in different parameter ranges.The analytically approximate result is also compared with that from numerical simulation. For the parameters under concern, the qualitative agreement is observed between the analytic and the numerical first order resonant structures when the noise intensity is not in zero limit. Moreover, the analytic results show that the resonant behavior can occur only in the odd-order harmonic of the model, but the numerical simulation also shows the second-order harmonic resonance, which might be induced by the finite frequency truncations on the Gaussian white noiseor by the indistinguish ability between high-order harmonics and background noise.     

高阻隔铝塑膜辉光放电发射光谱深度谱测量参数的优化

脉冲-射频辉光放电发射光谱(GDOES)深度剖析是一种基于辉光放电原理的原子光谱技术,广泛应用于薄膜材料与功能多层膜结构中成分随深度分布的表征.该技术具有真空度要求低,灵敏度高,溅射速率快等优点.同时脉冲-射频电源所采用的瞬间高功率模式可使得氩离子周期性轰击样品表面,避免了由于热量积累所导致的熔融或碳化,因此脉冲-射频...