Feasibility of high-resolution continuum source molecular absorption spectrometry in flame and furnace for sulphur determination in petroleum products

For the first time, high-resolution molecular absorption spectrometry with a high-intensity xenon lamp as radiation source has been applied for the determination of sulphur in crude oil and petroleum products. The samples were analysed as xylene solutions using vaporisation in acetylene-air flame or in an electrothermally heated graphite furnace. The sensitive rotational lines of the CS molecule, belonging to the ?ν = 0 vibrational sequence within the electronic transition X¹∑⁺ → A¹П, were applied. For graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry, the Pd + Mg organic modifier was selected. Strong interactions with Pd atoms enable easier decomposition of sulphur-containing compounds, likely through the temporal formation of Pd_xS_y molecules. At the 258.056 nm line, with the wavelength range covering central pixel ± 5 pixels and with application of interactive background correction, the detection limit was 14 ng in graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry and 18 mg kg⁻¹ in flame molecular absorption spectrometry. Meanwhile, application of 2-points background correction found a characteristic mass of 12 ng in graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry and a characteristic concentration of 104 mg kg⁻¹ in flame molecular absorption spectrometry.The range of application of the proposed methods turned out to be significantly limited by the properties of the sulphur compounds of interest. In the case of volatile sulphur compounds, which can be present in light petroleum products, severe difficulties were encountered. On the contrary, heavy oils and residues from distillation as well as crude oil could be analysed using both flame and graphite furnace vaporisation. The good accuracy of the proposed methods for these samples was confirmed by their mutual consistency and the results from analysis of reference samples (certified reference materials and home reference materials with sulphur content determined by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry).     

Direct determination of arsenic in petroleum derivatives by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry: A comparison between filter and platform atomizers

In the present work a direct method for the determination of arsenic in petroleum derivatives has been developed, comparing the performance of a commercial transversely heated platform atomizer (THPA) with that of a transversely heated filter atomizer (THFA). The THFA results in a reduction of background absorption and an improved sensitivity as has been reported earlier for this atomizer. The mixture of 0.1% (m/v) Pd + 0.03% (m/v) Mg + 0.05% (v/v) Triton X-100 was used as the chemical modifier for both atomizers. The samples (naphtha, gasoline and petroleum condensate) were stabilized in the form of a three-component solution (detergentless microemulsion) with the sample, propan-1-ol and 0.1% (v/v) HNO₃ in a ratio of 3.0:6.4:0.6. The characteristic mass of 13 pg found in the THFA was about a factor of two better than that of 28 pg obtained with the THPA; however, the limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were essentially the same for both atomizers (1.9 and 6.2 μg L⁻¹, respectively, for THPA, and 1.8 and 5.9 μg L⁻¹, respectively, for THFA) due to the increased noise observed with the THFA. A possible explanation for that is a partial blockage of the radiation from the hollow cathode lamp by the narrow inner diameter of this tube and the associated loss of radiation energy. Due to the lack of an appropriate certified reference material, recovery tests were carried out with inorganic and organic arsenic standards and the results were between 89% and 111%. The only advantage of the THFA found in this work was a reduction of the total analysis time by about 20% due to the ‘hot injection’ that could be realized with this furnace. The arsenic concentrations varied from < LOQ to 43.3 μg L⁻¹ in the samples analyzed in this work.     

Viscosity of liquid suspensions with fractal aggregates: Magnetic nanoparticles in petroleum colloidal structures

New physical model is presented resulting in a simple formula for the dependence of viscosity η of colloidal liquid solution on the shear rate G applicable to a wide variety of systems including complex natural liquids like petroleum. The principal point of the model is the fractal nature of colloid particle aggregates present in the liquid. Such aggregates are experimentally detected now in non-Newtonian liquids. The model is based on calculation of energy loss on colloidal particle aggregate of fractal structure localized in the flow of liquid with shear rate. We have performed the viscosity measurement experiments which confirmed successfully the developed physical model. Also, we demonstrate experimentally that petroleum colloidal particles and magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles can form composite fractal-like aggregates in natural petroleum materials. Our model can explain both the non-Newtonian properties of petroleum and sensitivity of petroleum viscosity to external magnetic fields.     

高密度烃燃料四环[9.2.1.02,10.13,8]十四烷的合成及热裂解

以双环戊二烯和茚为原料,经D-A反应及催化加氢合成高密度烃燃料四环[9.2.1.02,10.13.8]十四烷(TDTD).采用裂解器及色质联用进行了四环[9.2.1.02.10.1 3.8]十四烷的热裂解研究,考察了不同温度及时间对热裂解转化率的影响,结果显示,温度对转化率影响较大.分析裂解产物,推测了裂解机理,以裂解...     

正己烷存在下的氢选择性催化燃烧

以正己烷作为裂解原料烃类代表,Pt-Sn/Al₂O₃催化剂作为氢选择性燃烧催化剂,对直接内加热方式提供热量促使裂解原料达到可裂解温度的可行性进行了研究。结果表明,温度相同时,Pt-Sn/Al₂O₃ 催化剂存在时氢燃烧的选择性明显高于无催化剂存在时的非催化氢燃烧过程,Pt-Sn/Al₂O₃ 催化剂是优良的氢选择性燃烧催化剂。该催化剂在催化氢选择性燃烧过程中,存在一个临界温度点650℃。当物流入口温度低于650℃时,氢燃烧选择性达90%以上;高于650℃时,由于非催化氢燃烧所占总燃烧反应比例加大,造成氢燃烧选择性有所降低。同时,在一定温度下,要获得高的氢燃烧选择性及氧气转化率,须综合考虑氢烃比和氢氧比的影响。     

C4烃在FAU、BEA、LTL型分子筛中吸附的蒙特卡罗研究

应用蒙特卡罗(MC)模拟方法研究了1,3-丁二烯、1-丁烯、正丁烷三种C4烃在FAU、BEA、LTL三种分子筛中的吸附行为. 模拟分别得到了298 K时这些C4烃的纯组分在分子筛中的吸附等温线、吸附质分布和吸附热. 结果表明, 在饱和吸附状态下这些C4烃在FAU分子筛中的吸附量最大, 在BEA分子筛中的吸附量居中, 在LTL分子筛中的吸附量最少. 对于同一种分子筛来说, 正丁烷在其中的等量吸附热最大, 1-丁烯居中, 1,3-丁二烯最小. 对于同一种C4烃来说, 它在LTL分子筛中的吸附热与在BEA分子筛中的吸附热相近, 并且高于在FAU分子筛中的吸附热. 还模拟了543 K、2.0 MPa时这些C4烃的三元混合组分在分子筛中的吸附, 发现正丁烷的吸附量占的比例最大, 1-丁烯居中, 1,3-丁二烯最少.     

分子拓扑学方法估算多环芳香烃类化合物的电离能

在构建多环芳烃类化合物分子的邻接矩阵主对角元时,结合烷基极化效应指数考虑分子图顶点的性质,以分子碎片C、CH、CH2、CH3等的相对能量作主元,用分子拓扑学方法构建了多环芳香烃类化合物新的邻接矩阵.研究结果发现,新的邻接矩阵特征根与多环芳香烃类化合物的电离能有良好的相关性Ipi=4.756+2.870OMOi,R=0.9853,s=0.1765,n=446.用这种新方法估算多环芳香烃类化合物的电离能,所用参数少且为分子结构性参数,稳定可靠,计算简便,结果较满意.     

吸热型碳氢燃料热沉测定装置研究

根据傅立叶定律径向系统的一维传热模型结合Tian's方程建立了一套高温流动型热量计,用于吸热型碳氢燃料的热沉测定和引发剂筛选;考察了系统的热稳定性能,用电标定的方法对仪器在500、550、600、650、700、750、800 ℃时的量热系数进行了标定,绘制了正庚烷在800 ℃、载气流速为0.04 m3/h条件下热裂解的热谱曲线,以正庚烷为模型化合物测定了其热沉.实验证明仪器基线稳定,数据可靠,复现性能良好,有较高的灵敏度和测量精度,能够满足实验需要和工作要求.     

Flow injection spectrophotometric determination of copper in petroleum refinery wastewaters

This paper reports a new strategy for flow injection spectrophotometric Cu (II) determination in petroleum refinery wastewaters, exploring its reaction with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC), without solvent extraction step, thus avoiding the use of harmful organic solvents. The influence of several chemical and flow variables was studied as well as the possible interferences. Under optimized conditions, the flow system was able to process 63 samples per hour, with a detection limit of 23 ng ml⁻¹ and a RSD of 2.1% at the 0.2 μg ml⁻¹ level. In order to attest the accuracy of the methodology, seven samples of effluents were analyzed by the proposed method and the results were compared with that obtained by FAAS. It was observed that the physical interferences verified in the FAAS procedure, which only permits its use by the standard addition method, were not present in the FIA procedure. The results obtained by FIA method were not statistically different from that obtained by FAAS-standard addition method. Also, the analysis of three spiked samples provided recovery percentages between 93 and 103%.     

芳烃混合物的三维荧光光谱的降秩因子分析

本文介绍了降秩因子（ＲＡＦＡ）方法，它是从一个多组分混合物中直接定量计算其中某一组分，而不必知道其他组分的物种及含量的一种定量分析的数学方法。它适用于双线性的数据。本实验首先将荧光分光光度计与外接计算机相连，以获得样品的激发－发射矩阵（ＥＥＭ），再用ＲＡＦＡ方法对蒽，萘，菲，芘，芴，Ｑｕ六种标样的一至五组分的混合物进行定量分析，获得满意的结果。