Sorption and partial molar volumes of C2 and C3 hydrocarbons in polypropylene copolymers

The sorption of C₂ and C₃ hydrocarbons in two ethylene–propylene copolymers and a propylene homopolymer and the simultaneous dilation of the polymers were measured at temperatures of 287–363 K and pressures up to 4 MPa. The sorption isotherms were well described by the Flory–Huggins theory of dissolution. Dilation isotherms in the form of elongation versus pressure were similar in shape to the corresponding sorption isotherms. Solubility coefficients, partial molar volumes, and Flory–Huggins interaction parameters were determined from these isotherms. The thermal expansivities of the hydrocarbons dissolved in the polymers were 0.002–0.005 K^?1, and the Flory–Huggins interaction parameters depended not only on temperature but also on concentration. At 323 K, the calculated solubilities of propylene in the ethylene–propylene‐rubber regions of the copolymers were 1.8 times higher than in the amorphous regions of the propylene homopolymer. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 39: 1255–1262, 2001     

Enantioseparation of nicotine alkaloids in cigarettes by CE using sulfated β‐CD as a chiral selector and a capillary coated with amino groups

Nicotine (NC) and its related compounds (cotinine (CN), nornicotine (NN), anatabine (AT) and anabasine (AB)) were simultaneously enantioseparated by CE using a capillary with amino groups and sulfated β‐CD as a chiral selector. The optimum running conditions were found to be 30 mM acetate buffer (pH 5.0) containing 8% sulfated β‐CD with an applied voltage of +15 kV at 30°C using direct detection at 260 nm. Using a capillary coated with amino groups, the EOF migrates toward the positive pole. However, when sulfated β‐CD was added to the BGE, it was found that the EOF migrated toward the negative pole due to ionic adsorption of sulfated β‐CD to amino groups on the capillary inner wall. All the cationic analytes migrated as anions, suggesting that they formed stable anionic complexes with sulfated β‐CD. With this system and a simple pretreatment with mini‐cartridges, NC alkaloids in five cigarette samples were enantioseparated. As a result, each of the compounds except for CN was detected. In the case of NC, only (S)‐NC was detected (more than 99.9%), but in the case of NN, AT and AB, the ratios of (S)‐isomer to total isomers were in the ranges 58–70, 81–85 and 59–65%, respectively. On the other hand, only NC was detected in cigarette smoke and the ratio of (S)‐ and (R)‐NCs was 96:4. The amounts of NC alkaloids in cigarettes suggest that the production of (R)‐NC resulted from racemization due to the high temperature/burning of the cigarette.     

Anionic alternating copolymerization behavior of bifunctional six‐membered lactone and glycidyl phenyl ether

A copolymerization of 10‐methyl‐2H,8H‐benzo‐[1,2‐b:5,4‐b′]bipyran‐2,8‐dione ( 1 ) and glycidyl phenyl ether (GPE) was studied. 1 was a bislactone designed as a bifunctional analogue of 3,4‐dihydrocoumarin (DHCM), of which anionic 1:1 alternating copolymerization with GPE has been reported by us, previously. This alternating nature was inherited by the present copolymerization of 1 and GPE, leading to an intriguing copolymerization behavior in contrast to the ordinary statistical copolymerizations of monofunctional monomers and bifunctional monomers usually controlled by the proportional dependence of the crosslinking density on the monomer feed ratio: (1) When the feed ratio [GPE]₀/[ 1 ]₀ was 1, the two monomers underwent the 1:1 alternating copolymerization. In this case, 1 behaved as a monofunctional monomer, that is, only one of the two lactones in 1 participated in the copolymerization allowing the other lactone moiety to be introduced into the side chain almost quantitatively. (2) Increasing the feed ratio [GPE]₀/[1]₀ to larger than 4 allowed almost all of the lactone moieties to participate in the copolymerization system to give the corresponding networked polymers efficiently. The compositions of the copolymers [GPE unit]/[ 1 ‐derived acyclic ester unit] were always biased to smaller values than the feed ratios [GPE]₀/[lactone moiety in 1 ]₀ by the intrinsic 1:1 alternating nature of the copolymerization. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 3662–3668, 2009     

In situ monitoring of the H concentration change near an electrode surface through electrolysis using slab optical waveguide pH sensor

The H⁺ concentration change was monitored near an electrode surface through an electrolysis using a slab optical waveguide technique. Indium tin oxide transparent electrode modified by porous insulating polymer to which methyl red was covalently immobilized was used as a guiding layer, and the absorbance change of the polymer film was monitored. H⁺ generation at the vicinity of the electrode through the oxidation of ascorbic acid could be monitored by this technique.     

面向单晶SiC原子级表面制造的等离子体辅助抛光技术

目前Si基半导体由于其自身材料特性的限制,已经越来越难以满足高速发展的现代电力电子技术对半导体器件的性能要求.SiC作为新一代半导体材料具有显著的性能优势,但由于其属于典型的难加工材料,实现SiC晶圆的高质量与高效率加工成为了推动其产业化应用进程的关键.本综述在回顾近年来SiC超精密加工技术研究进展的基础上,重点介绍了一种基于等离子体氧化改性的SiC高效超精密抛光技术,分析了该技术的材料去除机理、典型装置、改性过程及抛光效果.分析结果表明,该技术具有较高的去除效率,能够获得原子级平坦表面,并且不会产生亚表面损伤.同时针对表面改性辅助抛光技术加工SiC表面过程中出现的台阶现象,探讨了该台阶结构的产生机理及调控策略.最后对等离子体辅助抛光技术的发展与挑战进行了展望.     

Electrochemical tuning of the optoelectronic properties of a fluorene-based conjugated polymer

The electrochemical reduction of a fluorene-based conjugated polymer, poly(9-fluorenone-alt-9,9-dioctylfluorene), was investigated for the first time. The carbonyl group in the fluorenone unit was selectively and quantitatively converted to the methylene group, as determined by (1)H NMR, IR, and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The optical and electrochemical properties of the polymers were studied by UV-vis, photoluminescence (PL), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements and were found to be tunable by varying the reduction level.     

Preparation of Enzymatically Recyclable Hydrogels Through the Formation of Inclusion Complexes of Amylose in a Vine‐Twining Polymerization

In this paper, we describe the preparation of hydrogels through the formation of an inclusion complex of amylose in a vine‐twining polymerization. This is achieved by the phosphorylase‐catalyzed polymerization of α‐D ‐glucose 1‐phosphate from maltoheptaose primer, in the presence of a water‐soluble copolymer having hydrophobic graft‐chains (poly(acrylic acid sodium salt‐graft‐δ‐valerolactone)). The mixture turns into a gel during the polymerization process. Evaluation of the hydrogels is conducted by shear‐viscosity measurements of the products. For the hydrogels with relatively high viscosities, fast relaxation modes of the cooperative diffusions are observed by scanning microscopic light scattering measurements, which indicate the nanometer‐size network structures of the hydrogels. In addition, we found that the enzymatic disruption and reproduction of the hydrogels are achieved by the combination of the amylase‐catalyzed hydrolysis of the amylose component and the formation of amylose by the phosphorylase‐catalyzed polymerization.