Study of the multilayer PCB CTEs by moiré interferometry

Microelectronics packaging has been developing rapidly due to the demands for faster, lighter and smaller products. Printed circuit boards (PCBs) provide mechanical support and electrical interconnection for electronic devices. Many types of composite PCBs have been developed to meet various needs. Recent trends in reliability analysis of PCBs have involved development of the structural integrity models for predicting lifetime under thermal environmental exposure; however the theoretical models need verification by the experiment.

The objective of the current work is the development of an optical system and testing procedure for evaluation of the thermal deformation of PCBs in the wide temperature range. Due to the special requirements of the specimen and test condition, the existing technologies and setups were updated and modified. The discussions on optical methods, thermal loading chambers, and image data processing are presented. The proposed technique and specially designed test bench were employed successfully to measure the thermal deformations of PCB in the −40°C to +160°C temperature range. The video-based moiré interferometry was used for generating, capturing and analysis of the fringe patterns. The obtained information yields the needed coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) for tested PCBs.     

用于印刷电路板缺陷检测的光学视觉

本文提出了一种利用光学形态变换探测印刷电路板缺陷的新方法。以非相干光学相关器为基础，构成了一个实现印刷电路板微小缺陷检测的形态变换光学视觉系统给出了原理性实验结果。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定印刷电路板中全氟辛烷磺酸盐

经剪碎和粉碎的印刷电路板样品用甲酸-甲醇(0.1+99.9)溶液超声提取,所得提取液于45℃旋转蒸发至1mL,加水5mL,用稀甲酸或稀氨水调节溶液的pH值为4～5。将溶液通过Oasis WAX固相萃取小柱净化,用甲酸(2+98)溶液和甲醇先后清洗小柱后,用氨水-甲醇(2+98)混合溶液洗脱,将全部洗脱液氮吹蒸发至近干,用流动相溶液定容为1mL供测定。所用色谱柱为Acquity UPLC BEH C18柱,柱温30℃,进样量为5μL。由5mmol.L-1乙酸铵溶液及乙腈(60+40)混合溶液作为流动相,在0.3mL.min-1流量条件下进行洗脱。质谱测定中采用ESI负电离方式,多反应监测扫描模式。测得全氟辛烷磺酸盐质量分数在1.0～1 000μg.kg-1范围内与峰面积值呈线性关系,测定下限(10S/N)为1.0μg.kg-1。用标准加入法测得回收率在89.0%～99.3%之间。     

A survey of surface mount device placement machine optimisation: Machine classification

The optimisation of a printed circuit board assembly line is mainly influenced by the constraints of the surface mount device (SMD) placement machine and the characteristics of the production environment. This paper surveys the characteristics of the various machine technologies and classifies them into five categories (dual-delivery, multi-station, turret-type, multi-head and sequential pick-and-place), based on their specifications and operational methods. Using this classification, we associate the machine technologies with heuristic methods and discuss the scheduling issues of each category of machine. We see the main contribution of this work as providing a classification for SMD placement machines and to survey the heuristics that have been used on different machines. We hope that this will guide other researchers so that they can subsequently use the classification or heuristics, or even design new heuristics that are more appropriate to the machine under consideration.     

装有电路板孔阵矩形腔对快上升前沿电磁脉冲的屏蔽效能

 介绍了快上升前沿电磁脉冲的特性,用传输线法分析了孔阵矩形腔屏蔽效能的基本原理。将基本公式作进一步修正,使其能计算矩形腔内装有印刷电路板（PCB）的情形。对修正的传输线模型计算公式进行了扩展,使之能计算任意极化方向时的情况。计算和仿真结果表明: 当频率低于主谐振频率时,测量点离孔阵越近,屏蔽效能越差,同时低频段的屏蔽效能比高频段的要好;孔阵的屏蔽效能比相同面积单孔的要好;装有PCB腔体的屏蔽效能比空腔的要好,这在谐振区域内尤为突出;PCB板尺寸越大,屏蔽效能越好;屏蔽效能随极化角度的递增而增加;屏蔽体越小,屏蔽效果越好。     

Amperometric Detection of Ethanol Vapors by Screen Printed Electrodes Modified by Paper Crowns Soaked with Room Temperature Ionic Liquids

A convenient assembly recently proposed for screen printed gold electrodes (SPEs) suitable for measurements in gaseous samples is here tested for the analysis of the ethanol content in alcoholic drinks. This assembly involves the use of a circular crown of filter paper, soaked in the room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate, which is simply placed upon a disposable screen printed cell, so as to contact the outer edge of the gold disc working electrode, as well as peripheral counter and reference electrodes. The electrical contact between the paper crown soaked in RTIL and the SPE electrode is assured by a gasket and all components are installed in a polylactic acid holder. This assembly provides a portable and disposable electrochemical platform, assembled by the easy immobilization onto a porous and inexpensive supporting material such as paper of a RTIL characterized by profitable electrical conductivity and negligible vapor pressure. The electroanalytical performance of this device was assayed for the flow injection analysis of the ethanol concentration in some real samples of wine and beer and the results obtained are compared with the alcoholic degree reported in the relevant bottle-labels, thus highlighting a substantially satisfactory agreement. Repeatable sharp peaks (RSD=6–8 %) were detected for ethanol over a wide linear range (1–20 % v/v in water) and a detection and quantitation limit of 0.55 % v/v and 1.60 % v/v were inferred for a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 and 10, respectively.     

Novel materials for electronic device fabrication using ink-jet printing technology

Novel materials and a metallization technique for the printed electronics were studied. Insulator inks and conductive inks were investigated. For the conductive ink, the nano-sized copper particles were used as metallic sources. These particles were prepared from a copper complex by a laser irradiation process in the liquid phase. Nano-sized copper particles were consisted of a thin copper oxide layer and a metal copper core wrapped by the layer. The conductive ink showed good ink-jettability. In order to metallize the printed trace of the conductive ink on a substrate, the atomic hydrogen treatment was carried out. Atomic hydrogen was generated on a heated tungsten wire and carried on the substrate. The temperature of the substrate was up to 60 °C during the treatment. After the treatment, the conductivity of a copper trace was 3 μΩ cm. It was considered that printed wiring boards can be easily fabricated by employing the above materials.     

基于柔性电路板单纤双向光纤组件的以太无源光网络单元研制(英文)

随着宽带接入技术的发展,以太无源光网络是光纤到户的一种备选方案.而光网络单元数量众多,其成本成为限制以太无源光网络技术实施的重要影响因素.本文提出了一种低成本以太无源光网络单元实现方式:采用带柔性电路板的单纤双向光纤组件直接安装在光网络单元的电路板上.为了验证弯曲柔性电路板的高速性能没有恶化,采用有限元方法仿真了弯曲柔性电路板的小信号响应.由于该方式没有独立的光收发模块,无法采用比特误码分析仪进行测试,因此提出了采用网络测试仪搭建光网络单元的光信号性能测试系统的方案并实现了对光信号的性能测试.结果表明:对于发射机,在0℃~70℃的范围内得到了超过10dB的消光比和1dBm的平均发射功率;对于接收机,估算灵敏度为-27dBm.     

浅谈印制电路板的一种清洗工艺

焊接是电子设备的生产中的重要步骤,焊接后必须进行清洗才能保证电子设备的可靠性、电气指标和工作寿命。鉴于军工产品必须要清洗,所以清洗工艺对于军工产品尤为重要。文中介绍了清洗的重要性,讨论了印制电路板污染物的种类和来源分析,提出了一种可靠的清洗工艺——溶剂气相清洗。气相清洗通常被认为是去除零件上有机污垢的一种最有效的清洁方法,这种方法甚至能去除工业中遇到的最为顽固的污垢。在溶剂蒸气清洗机中清洁后的零件从机器中出来时是干燥的,而且表面无任何残留物。     

A planning and scheduling model for onsertion in printed circuit board assembly

A planning and scheduling model is developed for the onsertion-phase in printed circuit board (PCB) assembly. PCBs are manufactured by machines that mount components, such as chips, on a PCB. On an onsertor machine, a certain number of component types can be stored. These components are subsequently used for the production of a certain PCB batch type. This research develops a production planning and scheduling formulation to determine the component–machine allocations, as well as a PCB sequence. Two strategies are proposed; one focusing on minimal number of changeovers (C-strategy), and the other on minimal process time (P-strategy). Both strategies were validated in a pilot study with real company data, with encouraging results for potential implementation.