导向碳氢键活化与不饱和分子的电氧化环化反应

过渡金属催化导向碳氢键活化与不饱和分子的环化反应已成为合成复杂碳环和杂环化合物的高效途径,但反应中往往需要额外加入化学计量化学氧化剂来实现反应循环.电化学有机合成可利用电流代替昂贵、有毒的化学氧化剂,是一种环境友好的绿色合成手段.近年来,电化学有机合成与过渡金属(如Pd、Ni、Co、Ru、Cu、Rh、Ir等)催化碳氢键活化的结合取得了显著的进展.重点介绍了过渡金属催化导向C—H活化与炔烃、烯烃、一氧化碳和异氰等不饱和分子的电氧化环化反应的最新进展,并对该领域未来发展方向进行了展望.     

钯催化的Grignard型反应

对钯催化的Grignard类型反应作了论述.总结了钯催化的有机卤化物或炔烃与C=O键或C≡N键的二组分反应和有机卤化物、烯烃或炔烃与C=O键或C≡N键的三组分反应.在这些反应中的C-Pd键是通过C-X键与Pd(0)的氧化加成或通过碳碳双键或叁键的碳/亲核钯反应生成,C-Pd键与C=O键或C≡N键之间的反应一般为分子内反应.当然,人们也观察到了通过芳香C-H键活化产生的芳基碳钯键与腈基的分子间反应.在这些反应中催化剂的再生是关键.本工作对反应的机理也作了一些探讨.     

铜催化的烷基卤化物不对称Sonogashira偶联反应

<正>Sonogashira反应~([1])是一类重要的构建C—C键的交叉偶联反应.该反应以(拟)卤化物与端炔为起始原料合成新的C—C(sp)键,是构建取代内炔烃的有效方法~([2]).相较于芳基和烯基的卤化物,烷基卤化物更富电子,因而更难与中心金属发生氧化加成,同时生成的烷基-金属中间体也很容易发生β-H消除等一系列副反应.因此烷基卤化物参与的Sonogashira反应面临更大的困     

过渡金属催化的C—H炔基化反应

炔烃是药物和天然产物的重要骨架,其合成一直受到有机化学家们的重视.近年来,过渡金属催化的惰性碳氢键炔基化作为一种重要的合成炔基化产物的方法,受到了合成化学家的广泛关注.总结了近10年来C(sp2)—H键和C(sp3)—H键炔基化反应的进展.     

基于Heck插入策略的钯催化烯烃与α-溴代烷基羰基化合物的烯烃氧化双官能化反应合成吲哚2-酮类化合物

正钯催化Heck偶联反应一般首先经过插入和加成步骤生成含C—Pd键中间体A,最后通过β-H消除来实现钯催化循环.如何利用中间体A中的C—Pd键引入新官能团是有机合成研究难点之一.目前有两种策略:(1)零价钯催化体系下,烯烃与卤代烃反应生成含C—Pd键中间体A,然后与亲核试剂(芳基硼酸,Cl-,CO,烯烃和炔烃等)实现烯烃双官能团化反应;(2)两价钯/氧化剂催化体系下,烯烃与有机金属试剂反应生成含C—Pd键中间体A,然后与亲核试     

Fe2+活化CH3X（X=H,Cl）中C—H,C—Cl键的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)详尽地研究了Fe2+与CH3X(X=H,Cl)的反应机理.结果表明在所有通道中,反应4的H提取能垒最低(Ga=0.23 kcal/mol),氧化插入机制和SN2取代机制没有竞争性.详尽的电子结构分析表明由于金属3d与底物的σ*C—X可以最好的重叠,从而Fe2+从前端进攻C—X键有利于反应.该研究揭示了其微观本质,为Fe2+活化C—X键等相关研究提供理论线索和依据.     

铜催化对C-C不饱和键铜氢化引发的多米诺反应

总结了由铜催化的对C-C不饱和键铜氢化反应引发的多米诺反应,反应过程包括铜氢活性物种的产生、对C-C不饱和键的加成及铜氢物种的再生,其中的C-C不饱和键来源于α,β-不饱和酮、α,β-不饱和羧酸酯、芳基烯烃、脂族族烯烃以及炔烃.反应中氢硅烷作为氢负离子源,铜氢化反应产生的中间体随后对极性不饱和键如羰基和亚胺进行加成反应或对饱和键进行取代反应,最终生成两个或多个化学键.反应不需要对中间产物进行纯化,也不需要改变操作条件,方法简洁高效,在有机合成中有重要的应用价值.     

饱和烃C—H键的活化及其配位催化反应的研究——Ⅳ.Pt(Ⅱ)配合物催化活化饱和烃C—H键的催化活性的量子化学计算

在用有机过渡金属配合物作为催化剂活化饱和烃C—H键及选择性引入官能团的反应中,氧化加成是一个关键的基元反应,它能使反应底物的C—H键断裂,然后生成烷基金属氢化物,为小分子插入生成的金属—碳键,选择性引入官能团创造了必要的条件。最近,饱和烃氧化加成到低价有机金属配合物上得到了实验证明,可是迄今尚未对这一基元反应用量子化学方法进行研究。我们曾经对trans-PtHL_2X(L=PPh_3;X=Cl~-,Br~-,I~-)配合物催化活化饱和烃C—H键的活性进行了考察,催化活性按Cl~->Br~->I~-的顺序降低。对于这一结果难于用卤素原子的电负性来解释,因为在氧化加成反应中,催化剂中心金属的形式氧化数要增加2,而当卤素     

铁催化杂原子邻位C—H键氧化活化直接构筑C—C键

铁催化剂具有无毒和价廉易得等优点,因此,发展铁催化的有机合成反应具有环境友好和潜在的工业应用价值．C—H键的直接官能团化是目前化学研究领域的重点和热点之一,受到广泛的关注．在有机合成化学研究领域,通过C—H键的氧化形成C—X（杂原子）键已有很多报道,但是通过C—H键的氧化偶联形成C—C键的报道并不是很多,     

芳香化合物的电化学C—H键官能化研究进展

C—H键是有机化合物中最基本和最广泛的化学键.利用电化学方法实现芳香化合物C—H键的官能化和直接转化可以避免反应物的预官能化,是一种绿色可持续且更具有原子经济性的转化途径.该方法借助阳极上的氧化反应实现芳香化合物C—H键的官能化,完成C—X键(X=C、N、O、S)的构建和稠环化合物的合成,无需使用氧化剂.通过控制电极材料、电解质和溶剂等条件,也可以实现特定的化学选择性和区域选择性.综述了近年来芳香化合物的电化学C—H键官能化这一领域的研究进展.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.