整合多重表征 促进概念深度理解——以“原电池”为例

有效整合多重表征,是促进学生科学概念深度理解的一种有效策略。本研究整合了科学教育领域中的3个多重表征框架的内容,对高中必修模块的“原电池”进行了教学设计。首先引导学生依次学习原电池的宏观装置、微观原理和电极符号,初步建构原电池概念,之后基于氢氧燃料电池关联表征,让学生建构原电池的装置原理二维模型图,理解原电池概念,最后依托生活中的纽扣电池应用二维模型图实现表征转换,解决实际问题,实现对原电池概念的深度理解。     

“原电池的工作原理”教学设计及课堂实录

对“原电池的工作原理”进行了教材分析、学情分析,在必修2学习的基础上,结合生活实际设计了4个教学环节：通过生活中的原电池和必修知识的复习,引出原电池原理;通过铜锌原电池的设计、分析,掌握单液原电池原理;从原电池的能量转化效率出发,学习双液原电池原理;利用原电池的形成条件,设计原电池。     

基于学习条件的原电池教学策略

将原电池相关知识分为3部分:反应原理、原电池装置和工作原理,并根据加涅的学习结果分类理论和学习条件的理论,探讨了这3部分知识学习的内部条件和外部条件,在总结原电池学习过程中出现的常见问题的基础上,提出了基于学习条件的原电池教学策略。     

原电池原理微型实验的研究

以教材中有关原电池原理的2个实验为基础,进行微型化改进——克服演示实验过程中观赏性差、浪费大,且有污染等不足。利于提高学生的参与率,变教师演示实验为学生边学习边实验的自主探究性实验,构建一个较佳的原电池原理微型实验模型。     

促进能量观功能化的教学策略研究——以高中必修“原电池”教学为例

分析了必修阶段原电池教学内容对促进学生能量观发展的价值,提出理解原电池原理和建构原电池装置的一般思路和方法是实现能量观功能化的前提条件。阐述了在原电池新授课阶段,通过优选原电池教学模型,采取学生探究设计原电池,建构原电池认识模型等教学策略,促进学生观念的建构与功能化。     

高中“化学反应与电能”跨学科项目式教学*——探究原电池电动势的影响因素

以“探究原电池电动势的影响因素”为项目学习主题,以探讨化学电源的应用、探究原电池的工作原理、测量原电池的电动势、搭建高电动势原电池等4个任务为关键项目任务,呈现高中“化学反应与电能”跨学科项目式教学设计思路和教学实践过程。     

“化学反应的利用”教学设计

“化学反应的利用”包含两部分内容:利用化学反应制备新物质,化学反应为人类提供能源。分2课时进行。1教学目标(1)知识与技能①掌握实验室制备氯气的原理和尾气处理方法,了解制备装置及收集方法。②了解原电池的工作原理。(2)过程与方法通过“活动.探究-氯气的制取和原电池的工作原理”学会运用实验、观察获取信息并分析推理。(3)情感态度价值观通过教材等途径为学生提供丰富的材料,开拓视野,使学生从多个角度体会化学科学与人类文明和社会发展的密切关系,提升对研究化学反应应用价值的认识。2教学流程教师活动学生活动设计意图就上一问题作答,引出化学能→电能;布置探究任务-利用所给仪器和试剂进行实验,解决下列问题:(1)化学能能否转化为电能?你组装的装置实现了吗?(2)在装置中你还有什么新发现?依据所给用品与试剂(干电池、导线、电流计、锌板、铜板、稀硫酸、反应器)进行探究性实验并观察实验现象(1)通过让学生分组设计完成实验,为学生提供合作学习机会提高实验技能及观察能力;(2)在探究学习活动中体验科学发现的过程,尝试探究成功的快乐对学生实验进行评价用Flash课件展示原电池工作原理小结原电池工作原理分析现象,探究原电池工作原理(组内讨...     

金属电化学腐蚀的实验探究

金属的电化学腐蚀是高二化学新教材(人教版)“原电池原理及其应用”一节的教学难点,教师按照传统的教学方法向学生讲清楚钢铁在潮湿空气里形成原电池时正、负极发生的反应并不容易。笔者在教学实践中采用实验探究式教学,把课堂教学与研究性学习结合起来,引导学生通过自主活动来探究金属电化学腐蚀的一些规律,既有助于理解、巩固化学知识,又能培养学生的实践能力和探究精神。     

“化学能转化为电能”教学设计

1教学目标 (1)知识与技能:理解原电池原理,初步学会书写电极反应方程式,探究原电池的形成条件. (2)过程与方法:通过对锌与稀硫酸反应中的化学能能否转化为电能的实验探究,让学生理解原电池的概念和工作原理;通过对原电池形成条件的实验探究、问题讨论,培养学生观察、分析问题的能力,特别是创新思维能力.     

发展学生化学学科核心素养的“化学能与电能”教学*——小车为什么会跑起来

“化学能与电能”是高中化学必修阶段的核心内容,是发展学生化学学科核心素养的重要知识载体。围绕“小车为什么会跑起来”的真实问题,利用铜锌原电池驱动小车的实验现象,引导学生分析原电池的工作原理,探究原电池的构成条件,充分发展学生的化学学科核心素养。     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Acid hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose of low degree of substitution

Cotton cellulose was swollen in a sodium hydroxide solution and carboxymethylated by a two-bath method for different periods of time for each process. The kinetics of acid hydrolysis and the crystallinity of the swollen and carboxymethylated samples were measured. The proportion of broken bonds, rate constants for hydrolysis, and permeability of cellulose to hydrolyzing agents were calculated. The susceptibility of glycosidic linkages to acid hydrolysis was improved by carboxymethylation more than by swelling in alkali. The increased accessibility of carboxymethylcellulose to acid was regarded as a consequence of increased intra-and intercrystalline swelling and of the glycosidic bonds' weakness caused by the electron-attracting carboxymethyl group on the C-6 position.     

Estimation of Kinetic Parameters of Thermal Oxidation of Ilmenite

The aim of the presented work was the investigation of thermal oxidation of ilmenite in static air atmosphere. The investigations were carried out by use of a derivatograph (MOM, Hungary). The changes of crystallographic structure of investigated samples were identified by X-ray diffractometry on Philips PW-1710 diffractometer. In temperature above 500°C appears structure of hematite Fe₂O₃. On the basis of the thermogravimetric measurements, the contracting area and contracting volume models were found as the best fitting experimental data. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mechanism of action of base-catalyzed oxygenation of phenol derivatives

Cyclopropyl derivative of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol is synthesized as a probe to investigate the mechanism of base-catalyzed autooxidation of phenol derivatives. Our study indicates that one electron reduction of molecular oxygen from phenolate gives phenoxyl radical 3, a key intermediate of autooxidation. The coupling of phenoxyl radical and superoxide radical gives peroxylate anion 4 and produces the final epoxy alcohol adduct 6.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

化学计量中不确定度评定研究进展

测量不确定度是表征合理地赋予被测量之值的分散性的参数。本文针对化学计量不确定度评定基础模型仅适用于线性模型、概率分布为正态分布或缩放位移t分布等局限,介绍了近年来不确定度评定的研究热点:蒙特卡罗方法(Monte Carlo Method,MCM),不确定度评定的来源、评定概念、评估方法及其发展过程,扩大了测量不确定度评定与表示的适用范围。     

微量钙的测定方法研究进展

介绍了1995-2006年期间测定微量和痕量钙的方法,如电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱法、原子吸收光谱法以及离子色谱法等的工作原理和特点,并说明了其测定微量钙的应用领域。并对微量钙的测定技术进行了展望(引用文献55篇)。     

Stages of thermal decomposition of sodium oxo-salts of sulphur

Thermal behaviour of sodium oxo-salts of sulphur: Na₂SO₄, Na₂S₂O₇, Na₂S₂O₆, Na₂SO₃, Na₂S₂O₅, Na₂S₂O₄, Na₂S₂O₃, Na₂S₃O₆ and of sulphides Na₂S and Na₂S₂ was studied on heating up to 1000°C. The experiments were performed with anhydrous compounds obtained from commercial products by recrystallisation and dehydration. The stage mechanisms of decomposition of anionic sub-lattices of the salts have been proposed basing on the Górski’s morphological classification of simple species. The thermal stability and the stage decomposition mechanisms were correlated with the structure and the potential chemical properties of the salt anions. The thermal decomposition processes were studied by means of thermal analysis, and the decomposition products were identified by means of X-ray phase analysis.     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.