龙门山地区水系沉积物中铀含量分布特征

铀元素是具有毒性和放射性的锕系元素之一,对区域环境和人体健康具有极大的危害,开展铀元素污染评价具有重要的现实意义。以龙门山地区主要水系为主要研究对象,采集了大量的水系沉积物样品,对该地区的铀元素分布特征进行了研究。研究表明,大渡河水系沉积物中铀平均质量分数为5.50 mg/kg,绵远河水系沉积物中的铀平均质量分数为3.07 mg/kg,其余河流水系沉积物中铀含量均较低。通过龙门山地区水系沉积物中铀元素分布特征与龙门山地区矿产分布对比发现,煤矿、磷矿开发区是水系主要铀元素来源。     

自然界的超铀元素

自1940年发现第一个超铀元素——镎以来,超铀元素由于在原子核物理、元素的起源以及在银河和太阳系演化学研究上的重要意义,在能源和军事上具有巨大的潜在价值,一直为世界各国所重视。人工合成超铀元素研究和理论研究的进展,进一步深化了人们对物质世界的认识,激励着人们去探索自然界存在的更重的超铀元素和新的能源,更深刻的去认识宇宙发展中元素的形成及其演变规律。自然界的超铀元素研究大致可分为两个方面:(一)锕系元素,(二)超重元素。第二方面的工作是在核壳层模型理论,人工与天体中元素合成的研究,原始宇宙射线的组成和锕系元素的同位素地球化学与宇宙化学研究等基础上发展起来的。     

超铀元素及其存在界限问题

超铀元素的存在界限就是元素周期系的界限,这是一个基础理论研究课题。实验事实表明,冷熔合反应是合成超铀重元素的最成功的方法,但此法受到超重元素核生成截面的限制;超铀元素是不稳定的,它的存在受到几种放射性衰变的限制.现在已经合成的最重元素是109号元素,超铀元素的存在界限不会比Z=109大许多,大体在Z=110—125范围之内。     

超铀金属有机化学研究进展

锕系金属有机化合物因其独特的电子结构和成键性质而备受关注.锕系元素的高毒性和放射性以及对水和氧的超敏感性造成锕系金属有机化合物的合成条件及表征手段都比较苛刻.而超铀元素的获取途径更为严苛,加之极其强的放射性,超铀金属有机化合物的研究报道甚少.近年来,随着合成技术及表征技术的快速发展,一些结构新颖的超铀金属有机化合物被合成,通过对其电子结构、成键模式及理化性质的研究进一步加深了对超铀元素的认识和理解.综述了近年来超铀金属有机化合物的合成及其成键性质的研究,以期为系统地理解超铀元素的电子结构和成键规律以及合成结构新颖的超铀金属有机化合物提供指导.     

电化学富集-激光诱导击穿光谱（LIBS）法测定水中铀元素

为改善激光诱导击穿光谱技术(Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, LIBS)检测液体样品时遇到的液体飞溅、等离子体猝灭和稳定性差的问题，结合电化学富集方法，以KCl为电解质，石墨棒为阴极，开展了水中铀(U)元素的LIBS检测研究。选择UⅡ367.007 nm、UⅡ409.013 nm作为分析对象进行定量分析，着重研究了富集电压、KCl质量浓度、激光脉冲能量、激发方式等对铀元素特征谱线强度的影响规律，并通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及能谱分析(EDS)对石墨棒表面吸附元素的空间分布进行了分析。结果表明，最佳富集电压为1.6 V,适当的电解质KCl质量浓度可以提高铀元素的富集效率和富集均匀性，提高激光脉冲能量与采用光电双脉冲激发方式能增强铀元素特征谱线的强度并提高信噪比。在光电双脉冲激发下，对水中铀元素进行了定量分析，获得UⅡ367.007 nm、UⅡ409.013 nm的检测下限分别为25.89和15.00μg/L,相关系数均大于0.98。方法可为水体中放射性核素含量调查、生活饮用水铀污染现状以及核工业含铀废水监测等场景提供技术支持。     

腐殖质与铀和超铀元素相互作用的研究进展

腐殖质是一类广泛存在于自然界中的高分子有机化合物,能与放射性核素相互作用,从而影响其在自然环境中的化学形态、迁移沉降、氧化还原行为等。本文介绍了目前国内外关于腐殖质与铀和超铀元素相互作用的研究现状和进展,并对存在的问题及今后的发展方向进行了初步讨论。     

锶内标法在溶液法制样-X射线荧光光谱法测定天然铀产品(U_3O_8)中铀的可行性研究

建立了溶液法制样-X射线荧光光谱法(XRFS)测定天然铀产品(U_3O_8)中铀元素的含量,并从样品中锶含量水平、锶元素分析谱线的选择、锶内标化合物的选择、样品中硫含量对锶的影响等角度探讨了锶内标法的可行性。将0.600 00 g干燥后的内标物碳酸锶与1.000 00 g天然铀产品(U_3O_8)混合,用磷酸和硝酸在电炉上加热消解,吸取20 g消解液于塑料样杯中,按照优化的XRFS仪器工作条件测定。以标准物质GBW 04205配制的标准溶液系列制作标准曲线,并引入了标准曲线的参数建立校正公式,以消除基体效应。结果显示:样品中锶的质量分数不大于8.0μg·g~(-1),硫的质量分数小于2.00%,均不影响锶内标法对铀的测定;内标物碳酸锶的用量为0.600 00 g时,以锶元素的K_α作为内标特征线测定,锶元素和铀元素的荧光强度及吸收-增强效应基本一致,且不受样品溶液的定容体积、进样量和仪器波动的影响;铀标准曲线的线性范围为78.78%～87.25%;对标准物质GBW 04205平行分析11次,测定值的相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.061%,测定值(84.722%)与认定值(84.711%)的绝对差值为0.011%,小于天然铀产品(U_3O_8)贸易检测中铀元素的质控指标(0.1%);方法用于6个实际样品的分析,测定值与国家标准GB/T 11848.1-1989中的电位滴定法所得的测定值基本一致。     

新型原子及反物质

美国倍克雷研究院塞格尔教授(E.Segre)在德国化学家协会的大会上作了关于新型原子及反物质的科学性讲演报告,内容简单介绍如下: 近年来核子物理对化学有许多原则性的贡献,特别是补充了元素周期表的缺位元素,并且由于发明了人造元素及超铀元素又将周期表向增加原子序的方向加以扩展。     

铀的复合吸附材料

铀是重要核燃料资源,也是放射性废液中主要的污染元素之一。铀的吸附涉及到溶液中铀的提取、含铀废水的处理和铀元素化学分析的预富集等。本文从有机官能团化学键合修饰基体的复合材料出发,从基体和有机官能团两方面对溶液中的铀的吸附行为进行了综述,分析了各种官能团所适用的水相pH值、对铀的吸附量和选择性。含有机磷类官能团的复合材料具有pH适用范围广、吸附量和选择性较好的优点,是一种具有良好发展前景的铀复合吸附剂。     

化学工业出版社化学专业图书推荐

正《化学元素知识简明手册》(第二版)徐德海、李绍山等编本书囊括了迄今发现的118种元素的全面信息。对于前92种元素,每种元素都分元素综述、存在形式、物理性质、化学性质和主要用途五个方面进行介绍,每个方面又包括了几十个知识点,具备很大的信息量。对于后面的26种超铀元素,除了未被命名的113号、115号、117号和118号元素以外,其余每种元素也从五个方面加以介绍,只是把"存在形式"改成了"初造配方和反应过程"。本书还对将来的人造元素前景做了科学展望。     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

Synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines and pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles by Curtius reaction in Morita-Baylis-Hillman derivatives

Synthesis of substituted pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines and pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles from the Morita-Baylis-Hillman derivatives of acrylates via saponification followed by Curtius reaction is described.     

正丁胺对激光染料荧光谱影响的研究

用正丁胺作为碳源,采用射频辉光放电制备碳膜,选用激光染料R6G和聚乙二醇混合液作为蒸气源,采用单源热蒸发,在蒸发室与染料同时沉积得到混合膜,用拉曼光谱和红外光谱分析了碳膜的结构和键合方式,分析表明:碳膜中存在胺基团和氢原子.混合膜的荧光谱测量结果表明,认为正丁胺对染料荧光谱的影响是因为胺基和氢原子的存在.     

Cu0-catalysed 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of α-amino acid derived N,N-cyclic azomethine imines to ynones

A series of 20 CuAIAC reactions between eight 4-acylamino substituted pyrazolidine-3-one-1-azomethine imines and four terminal ynones were performed using Cu⁰ as catalyst. The corresponding fluorescent cycloadducts were obtained in very high yields upon simple workup. Thus, Cu-metal turned out to be a better catalyst than Cu^I in terms of yield and ease of isolation. Availability of azomethine imines, mild reaction conditions, and simple workup enable a “click” access to libraries of densely substituted 2,3-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrazolo[1,2-a]pyrazol-1-ones. Reactivity of differently substituted dipoles was evaluated experimentally and by quantum chemical methods (DFT).     

Synthesis and antioxidative/anti-inflammatory activity of novel fullerene–polyamine conjugates

(E)-4-(Fullerenopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid and its corresponding succinimidyl ester, readily obtained through Prato-type modification of C₆₀, were used for the selective N-acylation of polyamines. The thus obtained conjugates were evaluated for their antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activity and their cytotoxicity was determined. Members of this family of compounds showed interesting anti-lipid peroxidation, anti-lipoxygenase and anti-inflammatory activity and comparable cytocompatibility to spermidine.