薄膜结构及形貌对钙钛矿电池性能的影响

采用液相连续沉积法制备了有机/无机杂化钙钛矿太阳电池,并研究了不同形貌钙钛矿(CH3NH3PbI3)光活性层对太阳电池性能的影响.实验结果表明在连续沉积法中PbI2的结构对CH3NH3PbI3层的形貌具有重要的影响,PbI2薄膜中适当的孔洞结构有利于其与CH3NH3I充分反应形成CH3NH3PbI3层.致密的PbI2层造成PbI2的转化不完全,导致CH3NH3PbI3颗粒较小,吸收较弱,影响电池的短路电流.而CH3NH3PbI3颗粒过大会引起CH3NH3PbI3薄膜孔洞产生,造成电池的开路电压下降.通过对电池制备工艺的优化获得了13.5%的最佳光电转换效率.     

钙钛矿太阳电池吸光层材料研究进展

近年来,有机-无机卤化铅钙钛矿太阳电池的研究取得了突破性进展,公证记录电池效率22.1%,与CdTe薄膜电池（认证记录电池效率22.1%）和CuInGaSn（CIGS）（认证记录电池效率22.3%）薄膜电池技术相媲美,已经接近于市场上主导地位的晶体硅太阳电池（约25%）。有机卤化铅钙钛矿太阳电池器件的长期效率输出稳定性和含毒性Pb严重制约其实际应用。本文将讨论有机卤化铅钙钛矿太阳电池不稳定性因素和相应的解决方案,并对钙钛矿材料中Pb元素的取代工作和无机非铅钙钛矿材料及其太阳电池的研究进行了阐述与展望。     

钙钛矿太阳电池研究进展:薄膜形貌控制与界面工程

有机-无机杂化钙钛矿太阳电池因兼具低成本溶液加工和优异的光电转换性能在国际上倍受关注. 基于其吸收强、迁移率高、载流子寿命长、可调控带隙以及可采用多种方式加工等优势, 钙钛矿太阳电池在短短5年时间里, 实验室小面积器件的能量转换效率已经从低于5%提高到近20%, 模块器件的能量转换效率可达8.7%, 其效率超过了很多其他类型太阳电池, 接近可以商业化的水平. 借助于相关材料性质理解和电池设计优化, 钙钛矿太阳电池效率的进一步提升存在很大的潜力空间. 本文通过文献综述, 在回顾国内外钙钛矿太阳电池发展情况的基础上, 着重讨论影响钙钛矿太阳电池性能的其中两个重要因素: 薄膜形貌控制与界面工程, 并分析了钙钛矿太阳电池面临的基础科学问题以及展望该技术的未来前景.     

第一性原理研究混合钙钛矿CH3NH3PbxSn1－xI3结构及光电特性

有机/无机钙钛矿是一类极具潜质的光电材料,目前已实现超过20%的光电转化效率。本文采用第一性原理对有机/无机混合钙钛矿CH₃NH₃Pb_xSn_1-xI₃ (x = 0-1)的结构及光电特性进行了理论研究。结果表明,范德华力(VDW)在优化钙钛矿结构中起着重要的作用,考虑范德华力可减小Pb/Sn―I键长,从而减小体系体积。通过分析甲胺离子CH₃NH₃⁺的态密度和Bader电荷,我们发现其对前线轨道没有贡献,仅仅扮演电荷供体的角色。Pb/Sn与I之间同时存在共价键和离子键相互作用。价带顶(VBM)主要是由I 5p以及Pb 6s (Sn 5s)杂化组成,而导带底(CBM)主要由Pb 6p (Sn 5p)轨道组成。在可见光区,随着波长的增加,体系吸收强度呈现整体下降趋势;随着Sn/Pb比值逐渐增大,吸收强度呈现增大趋势。CH₃NH₃SnI₃在可见光区表现出较佳的吸收光谱特性。     

锡基钙钛矿太阳电池光吸收材料

钙钛矿太阳电池以其优异的光吸收特性、载流子传输能力以及简单的制备工艺,成为太阳电池领域研究的热点。高效、无污染、低成本一直是太阳电池领域追求的目标。然而,传统钙钛矿太阳电池由于其光吸收材料中含重金属元素铅,对环境有较大影响,从而限制了此类钙钛矿太阳电池的进一步商业化应用。基于此,科学家们都在致力于寻找新的无铅钙钛矿材料。在众多无铅钙钛矿材料中,锡基钙钛矿材料由于其相对较小的毒性、合适的带隙以及相应器件具有较高的能量转换效率等优点,成为最有希望应用于钙钛矿太阳电池的替代材料。然而,锡基钙钛矿太阳电池也存在一些弱点,其能量转换效率和器件稳定性相较于铅基钙钛矿太阳电池仍然存在很大差距,器件制备过程中对空气十分敏感。为了更好地解决这些问题,对锡基钙钛矿材料及器件性能的各种影响因素进行系统地研究势在必行。文章分类介绍了各类锡基钙钛矿材料及其在太阳电池中的应用,包括有机-无机杂化锡基钙钛矿材料,锡铅混合钙钛矿材料和全无机锡基钙钛矿材料,综述了锡基钙钛矿材料及其相应器件性能的最新研究进展,并且讨论了影响器件性能的各项因素,最后对锡基钙钛矿太阳电池未来的发展做出了展望。     

甲脒基铅卤钙钛矿结构及光电特性的第一性原理研究

甲脒基铅卤钙钛矿作为光电转换材料,引起了人们的广泛关注. 采用第一性原理对甲脒基铅卤钙钛矿FAPbI_xCl_3-x（FA=NH₂CH=NH₂⁺,x=0～3）的结构及光电特性进行了理论研究. 计算结果表明,FA在三方晶系的FAPbX₃（X=Cl,Br,I）中沿[001]方向排布,而在混合FAPbI_xCl_3-x中,八面体PbX₆（X=Cl,I）的扭转导致FA朝向发生了微小的偏移. FA对于平衡晶体结构起着重要的作用,并作为电荷供体为PbI₃骨架贡献约0.76 e的电荷. FAPbI_xCl_3-x属于直接带隙半导体,其价带顶（VBM）主要由I 5p（Cl 3p）和少量Pb 6s轨道杂化的反键轨道组成,而导带底主要由Pb 6p轨道组成. 随着I/Cl比例的增大,FAPbI_xCl_3-x的晶格常数和体积逐渐增大,禁带宽度逐渐减小,吸收光谱发生红移. FAPbI₃的禁带宽度为1.53 eV,表现出最佳的吸收光谱特性,是一类极具潜力的光电转换材料.     

平板结构高效钙钛矿太阳能电池的旋涂溶液溶剂工程（英文）

自2009年首次应用于太阳能电池中以来,有机铅卤化物钙钛矿材料得到了极大关注.据文献报道,有机铅卤化物钙钛矿材料在不同结构的太阳能电池中都得到了应用,其中与有机太阳能电池类似的平板结构钙钛矿具有结构简单、制备容易等优点,非常适合用于柔性电池和多节电池等各种应用.在平板结构的太阳能电池中,制备高质量的钙钛矿薄膜至关重要.真空热蒸镀法虽然可以制备厚度均匀的钙钛矿薄膜,获得高的器件性能,但是设备成本较高,不利于大规模生产.而在溶液法中,早期的一步旋涂法和两步法由于没有多孔金属氧化物的支撑,很难制备均匀的钙钛矿平板薄膜;而气相辅助的两步法虽然制备的薄膜比较均匀,但反应时间却比较长.程一兵研究组采用在旋涂N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)溶液时滴加氯苯使钙钛矿快速析出结晶的方法,制备了高质量的均匀的CH3NH3Pb I3薄膜.Seok研究组采用1,4-丁内酯(GBL)和二甲基亚砜(DMSO)的混和溶剂,在旋涂时滴加甲苯的方法,在多孔二氧化钛上也制得了均匀的CH3NH3Pb I3薄膜,取得了很高转化效率(16.7%),但缺少对不同溶剂比例的细致研究,另外,也没有对平板结构电池性能进行研究.本文采用DMF-DMSO和GBL-DMSO作为混合溶剂在二氧化钛致密层上旋涂制备了平板结构的钙钛矿薄膜,并且对混合溶剂的比例对器件性能的影响进行了详细的考察和优化.当纯DMF或纯GBL作为旋涂溶剂时,得到的CH3NH3Pb I3钙钛矿薄膜含有大量不连续的晶粒,表面的覆盖度很差,对入射光的吸收远弱于连续均匀的薄膜.而且XRD结果表明,纯DMF或纯GBL作为旋涂溶剂的薄膜残留有前驱体的杂质,对器件性能非常不利.而采用DMSO作为旋涂溶剂时,制得的薄膜表面则比较均匀,几乎达到100%的覆盖.这主要是由于在旋涂溶液中形成了Pb I2-CH3NH3I-DMSO的中间相,这样可以避免纯DMF或纯GBL溶剂蒸发时Pb I2和CH3NH3I的剧烈反应,因此退火后制得的CH3NH3Pb I3薄膜非常均匀.然而由于纯DMSO的高粘度和低挥发速度,并不是非常适合作为旋涂溶剂,因此我们将DMF和GBL加入到DMSO中形成混合溶剂来考察对制备的钙钛矿薄膜质量和器件性能的影响.扫描电镜结果表明,加入20%~40%体积分数的DMF时,形成的薄膜表面非常均匀而且晶粒尺寸很大,达到微米级别,这样有利于减少晶界处的复合,提高电池性能.继续增加DMF比例会导致晶粒减小,晶界和孔隙增多,薄膜表面也更加粗糙.而加入GBL时得到的晶粒要远小于加入DMF时的尺寸,并且随着GBL比例的增加,薄膜的表面变得更加粗糙,孔隙明显增多,严重影响电池性能.XRD结果表明,纯DMSO和混合溶剂制得的薄膜都没有前驱体的残留.紫外可见吸收光谱表明,随着DMF比例的增加,吸收逐渐增强;而随着GBL比例的增加,吸收逐渐减弱.这主要由于不同比例溶剂制得的薄膜厚度有所差异造成的.由相关的薄膜制备的平板结构太阳能电池I-V测试表明:当使用DMF-DMSO混合溶剂时,随着DMF比例由0%增至40%,短路电流和开路电压逐渐增加,填充因子略微减小,总体上导致光电转化效率逐渐增大.随着DMF继续增多,开路电压和填充因子的减小导致转化效率逐渐降低.而当使用GBL-DMSO混合溶剂时,主要受到短路电流的影响,电池的效率明显低于含DMF的混合溶剂的情况,而且随着GBL增多,电池效率逐渐降低.电池的最高转化效率达到了16.5%,最高功率点下固定电压扫描得到的稳态效率也达到了14.4%,高于报道中采用类似结构的电池的性能.由于在整个电池制备过程中,整个实验过程都低于100°C,该方法非常适合未来推广到柔性太阳能电池和多节太阳能电池上.     

钙钛矿型太阳电池研究进展

自从2009年钙钛矿材料被应用到太阳电池领域,到现在仅6年的时间里,钙钛矿型太阳电池的光伏转换效率从约3%提高到20.1%,受到全球瞩目。 本文对近年来钙钛矿型太阳电池的发展进行了综述,介绍了钙钛矿吸光材料的性能及其制备,总结了钙钛矿型太阳电池器件结构及其内在机理,探讨了该类型电池待突破的方向和可能的解决途径,阐述了钙钛矿型太阳电池的进展历程,展望了未来发展方向。     

两步沉积法制备Br或Cl掺杂的有机-无机杂化钙钛矿太阳电池

采用控制前驱体浓度的两步沉积法和插入PbI₂层的DMSO分子（PbI₂（DMSO）复合体）分别与MAX（MA=CH₃NH₃,X=I,Br）或MAX（X=I,Cl）进行的分子内交换法,实现了Br或Cl的掺杂并合成了厚度为300nm左右的混合卤化物钙钛矿MAPbI_3-xBr_x和MAPbI_3-xCl_x膜。MAX前驱体溶液中含5%（摩尔分数,下同）MABr或15% MACl所生成的Br或Cl掺杂钙钛矿膜能提高钙钛矿太阳电池的光伏性能,进一步提高MABr或MACl的含量并不会明显改变掺杂量,但会形成小的白色颗粒或者针孔,这些将对电池的性能产生不利影响。前驱体溶液含5% MABr的MAPbI_3-xBr_x钙钛矿太阳电池所获得的能量转换效率（PCE）为13.2%,含15% MACl的MAPbI_3-xCl_x钙钛矿太阳电池获得了最高13.5%的PCE。     

表面配体调控的CH3NH3PbBr3纳米片的聚集自组装

采用热注入的方法合成了CH3NH3Pb Br3纳米片,荧光光谱分析发现稀释一定的倍数会使荧光光谱由451 nm红移到531nm。TEM及XRD分析表明,发光红移是由CH3NH3Pb Br3纳米片聚集自组装导致的颗粒变大引起的。进一步的对比实验表明,油胺在纳米片聚集自组装的过程中起到了至关重要的作用,由此结合XRD和TEM表征,阐述了CH3NH3Pb Br3纳米片聚集自组装的机理。     

A Lead Iodide Perovskite Based on a Large Organic Cation for Solar Cell Applications

Methylammonium (CH₃NH₃⁺) and formamidinium ((NH₂)₂CH⁺) based lead iodide perovskites are currently the two commonly used organic–inorganic lead iodide perovskites. There are still no alternative organic cations that can produce perovskites with band gaps spanning the visible spectrum (that is, <1.7 eV) for solar cell applications. Now, a new perovskite using large propane‐1,3‐diammonium cation (1,3‐Pr(NH₃)₂²⁺) with a chemical structure of (1,3‐Pr(NH₃)₂)_0.5PbI₃ is demonstrated. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) shows that the new perovskite exhibits a three‐dimensional tetragonal phase. The band gap of the new perovskite is about 1.6 eV, which is desirable for photovoltaic applications. A (1,3‐Pr(NH₃)₂)_0.5PbI₃ perovskite solar cell (PSC) yields a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.1 %. More importantly, this perovskite is composed of a large hydrophobic cation that provides better moisture resistance compared to CH₃NH₃PbI₃ perovskite.     

First-Principles Study of Aziridinium Lead Iodide Perovskite for Photovoltaics

The long-term stability remains one of the main challenges for the commercialization of the rapidly developing hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells. Herein, we investigate the electronic and optical properties of the recently reported hybrid halide perovskite (CH₂)₂NH₂PbI₃ (AZPbI₃), which exhibits a much better stability than the popular halide perovskites CH₃NH₃PbI₃ and HC(NH₂)₂PbI₃, by using density functional theory (DFT). We find that AZPbI₃ possesses a band gap of 1.31 eV, ideal for single-junction solar cells, and its optical absorption is comparable with those of the popular CH₃NH₃PbI₃ and HC(NH₂)₂PbI₃ materials in the whole visible-light region. In addition, the conductivity of AZPbI₃ can be tuned from efficient p-type to n-type, depending on the growth conditions. Besides, the charge-carrier mobilities and lifetimes are unlikely hampered by deep transition energy levels, which have higher formation energies in AZPbI₃ according to our calculations. Overall, we suggest that the perovskite AZPbI₃ is an excellent candidate as a stable high-performance photovoltaic absorber material.     

Ultrafast Photogenerated Hole Extraction/Transport Behavior in a CH3NH3PbI3/Carbon Nanocomposite and Its Application in a Metal‐Electrode‐Free Solar Cell

Aligned and flexible electrospun carbon nanomaterials are used to synthesize carbon/perovskite nanocomposites. The free‐electron diffusion length in the CH₃NH₃PbI₃ phase of the CH₃NH₃PbI₃/carbon nanocomposite is almost twice that of bare CH₃NH₃PbI₃, and nearly 95 % of the photogenerated free holes can be injected from the CH₃NH₃PbI₃ phase into the carbon nanomaterial. The exciton binding energy of the composite is estimated to be 23 meV by utilizing temperature‐dependent optical absorption spectroscopy. The calculated free carriers increase with increasing total photoexcitation density, and this broadens the potential of this material for a broad range of optoelectronics applications. A metal‐electrode‐free perovskite solar cell (power conversion efficiency: 13.0 %) is fabricated with this perovskite/carbon composite, which shows great potential for the fabrication of efficient, large‐scale, low‐cost, and metal‐electrode‐free perovskite solar cells.     

Inkjet Printing and Instant Chemical Transformation of a CH3NH3PbI3/Nanocarbon Electrode and Interface for Planar Perovskite Solar Cells

A planar perovskite solar cell that incorporates a nanocarbon hole‐extraction layer is demonstrated for the first time by an inkjet printing technique with a precisely controlled pattern and interface. By designing the carbon plus CH₃NH₃I ink to transform PbI₂ in situ to CH₃NH₃PbI₃, an interpenetrating seamless interface between the CH₃NH₃PbI₃ active layer and the carbon hole‐extraction electrode was instantly constructed, with a markedly reduced charge recombination compared to that with the carbon ink alone. As a result, a considerably higher power conversion efficiency up to 11.60 % was delivered by the corresponding solar cell. This method provides a major step towards the fabrication of low‐cost, large‐scale, metal‐electrode‐free but still highly efficient perovskite solar cells.     

Theoretical study on halide and mixed halide Perovskite solar cells: Effects of halide atoms on the stability and electronic properties

Increasing the stability of perovskite solar cells is one of the most important tasks in the photovoltaic industry. Thus, the structural, energetic, and electronic properties of pure CH₃NH₃PbI₃ and fully doped compounds (CH₃NH₃PbBr₃ and CH₃NH₃PbCl₃) in cubic and tetragonal phases were investigated using density functional theory calculations. We also considered the effects of mixed halide perovskites CH₃NH₃PbI₂X (where X = Br and Cl) and compared their properties with CH₃NH₃PbI₃. The DFT results indicate that the phase transformation from tetragonal to cubic phase decreases the band gap. The calculated results show that the X‐site ion plays a vital role in the geometrical stability and electronic levels. An increase in the band gap and a reduction in the lattice constants are more apparent in CH₃NH₃PbI₂X compounds (I > Br > Cl).     

A Three‐Step Method for the Deposition of Large Cuboids of Organic–Inorganic Perovskite and Application in Solar Cells

A three‐step method for the deposition of CH₃NH₃PbI₃ perovskite films with a high crystalline structure and large cuboid overlayer morphology is reported. The method includes PbI₂ deposition, which is followed by dipping into a solution of C₄H₉NH₃I (BAI) and (BA)₂PbI₄ perovskite formation. In the final step, the poorly thermodynamically stable (BA)₂PbI₄ phase converts into the more stable CH₃NH₃PbI₃ perovskite by dipping into a solution of CH₃NH₃I. The final product is characterized by XRD, SEM, UV/Vis, and photoluminescence analysis methods. The experimental results indicate that the prepared perovskite has cuboids with high crystallinity and large sizes (up to 1 μm), as confirmed by XRD and SEM data. Photovoltaic investigations show that the three‐step method results in higher solar cell efficiency (15 % enhancement in efficiency) with a better reproducibility than the conventional two‐step deposition method.     

(CH3NH3)2PdCl4: A Compound with Two‐Dimensional Organic–Inorganic Layered Perovskite Structure

The synthesis of previously unknown perovskite (CH₃NH₃)₂PdCl₄ is reported. Despite using an organic cation with the smallest possible alkyl group, a 2D organic–inorganic layered Pd‐based perovskites was still formed. This demonstrates that Pd‐based 2D perovskites can be obtained even if the size of the organic cation is below the size limit predicted by the Goldschmidt tolerance‐factor formula. The (CH₃NH₃)₂PdCl₄ phase has a bulk resistivity of 1.4 Ω cm, a direct optical gap of 2.22 eV, and an absorption coefficient on the order of 10⁴ cm^?1. XRD measurements suggest that the compound is moderately stable in air, an important advantage over several existing organic–inorganic perovskites that are prone to phase degradation problems when exposed to the atmosphere. Given the recent interest in organic–inorganic perovskites, the synthesis of this new Pd‐based organic–inorganic perovskite may be helpful in the preparation and understanding of other organic–inorganic perovskites.     

Inorganic Pb‐Free Perovskite Light Absorbers for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells with Enhanced Performance

Recently, enormous efforts have been made to develop the efficient, lead (Pb) free and stable perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this regards, various strategies were applied and the optoelectronic properties of various Pb free perovskites such as (CH₃NH₃)₃Sb₂I₉, (CH₃NH₃)₃Bi₂I₉, Cs₃Sb₂I₉, Cs₃Bi₂I₉, CH₃NH₃SnI₃ and CH₃NH₃GeI₃ etc have been investigated. However, the photovoltaic performance of the developed PSCs was still low and presence of organic moieties in common hole‐transport materials (HTMs) shows poor stability against moisture and heat. Herein, we have investigated the optoelectronic properties of all inorganic Pb free perovskites (Cs₃Sb₂I₉=1 and Cs₃Bi₂I₉=2) and employed novel strategies (dissolution‐recrystallization) to prepare the efficient Pb free PSCs. The band gaps of the 1 and 2 were found to be 2.2 eV and 2.0 eV, respectively. The developed PSCs with 1 and 2 exhibited the power conversion efficiency of 0.68% and 1.087%, respectively.     

Retardation of Trap-Assisted Recombination in Lead Halide Perovskite Solar Cells by a Dimethylbiguanide Anchor Layer

Reaching the full potential of solar cells based on photo-absorbers of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites requires highly efficient charge extraction at the interface between perovskite and charge transporting layer. This demand is generally challenged by the presence of under-coordinated metal or halogen ions, causing surface charge trapping and resultant recombination losses. These problems can be tackled by introducing a small molecule interfacial anchor layer based on dimethylbiguanide (DMBG). Benefitting from interactions between the nitrogen-containing functional groups in DMBG and unsaturated ions in CH₃NH₃PbI₃ perovskites, the electron extraction of TiO₂ is dramatically improved in association with reduced Schottky–Read–Hall recombination, as revealed by photoluminescence spectroscopy. As a consequence, the power conversion efficiency of CH₃NH₃PbI₃ solar cells is boosted from 17.14 to 19.1 %, showing appreciably reduced hysteresis. The demonstrated molecular strategy based on DMBG enables one to achieve meliorations on key figures of merit in halide perovskite solar cells with improved stability.     

Optoelectronic and morphology properties of perovskite/silicon interface layer for tandem solar cell application

Silicon (Si) solar cell has low optical absorption because of the low and indirect bandgap of Si, and the efficiency was trapped at 25% for 15 years. Si solar cell is able to achieve efficiency up to 30% by adding perovskite as multiple bandgap material through tandem formation. In this paper, the Si/perovskite interface layer was characterized to study the compatibility of perovskite on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass and p-type Si wafer (p-Si). The single solution deposition step of methyl ammonium lead iodide, CH₃NH₃PbI₃ (MAPbI₃) perovskite film, was spin-coated at different concentration. The physical properties of the MAPbI₃/FTO and MAPbI₃/p-Si were obtained by profilometer, atomic force microscope, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. The optical properties were analyzed by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and infrared transmission. Then the electrical properties were measured by Hall effect. From the measurement, it is observed that 1.2M concentration of MAPbI₃ thin film has the highest thickness, smoothest film surface, and largest crystallite size compared with 0.8M and 1.0M. It is found that there is an interaction in perovskite/Si interface and caused in a low-wavelength shift, and the increase in concentration of MAPbI₃ helped in intensifying the Raman signal produced. 1.2M MAPbI₃ thin film had the highest enhancement in light trapping property rather than 0.8M and 1.0M. The bulk concentration and conductivity of 1.2M perovskite were higher, but the resistivity was lower than 0.8M MAPbI₃ because of more CH₃NH₃I and PbI₂ concentration within MAPbI₃ perovskite compound.