正癸烷热裂解实验和动力学模拟

采用自制常压裂解装置, 研究了正癸烷在温度范围为973-1123 K, 停留时间为0.5-2 s时, 热裂解主要气相产物氢气、甲烷和乙烯的分布情况. 根据自主开发的机理生成软件ReaxGen, 构建了正癸烷热裂解的详细机理, 该机理包含1072步反应和281个物种. 进一步进行动力学模拟, 并用实验结果进行了初步验证. 结果表明, 在反应的温度区间内, 短的停留时间有利于乙烯和氢气的生成. 通过敏感度分析, 确定了常压下973 K, 停留时间为1 s时影响氢气、甲烷和乙烯产量的主要反应步骤是烷基的重排和β裂解反应.     

基于特征值分析的正癸烷骨架和总包简化机理

使用基于特征值分析的骨架简化方法对由118 个组分和527 个反应构成的正癸烷详细机理进行了简化,获得了一个由70 个组分、327 个基元反应组成的骨架机理; 采用基于特征值分析的计算奇异摄动(CSP)简化方法对骨架机理进行进一步简化,得到一个38 组分、34 步的总包简化机理. 通过对简化机理、骨架机理和详细机理的对比发现,简化机理和骨架机理能够很好地再现详细机理的特性,并能够描述正癸烷的主要燃烧特性,为进一步实现耦合化学反应动力学与流体力学的工程计算,提高计算效率提供了可用的燃烧模型.     

基于特征值分析的正癸烷骨架和总包简化机理

使用基于特征值分析的骨架简化方法对由118个组分和527个反应构成的正癸烷详细机理进行了简化,获得了一个由70个组分、327个基元反应组成的骨架机理;采用基于特征值分析的计算奇异摄动(CSP)简化方法对骨架机理进行进一步简化,得到一个38组分、34步的总包简化机理.通过对简化机理、骨架机理和详细机理的对比发现,简化机理和骨架机理能够很好地再现详细机理的特性,并能够描述正癸烷的主要燃烧特性,为进一步实现耦合化学反应动力学与流体力学的工程计算,提高计算效率提供了可用的燃烧模型.     

正癸烷着火及燃烧的化学动力学模型

构建了一个包含46组分和167反应的描述正癸烷着火与燃烧过程的化学反应动力学机理模型, 该机理是在通过路径分析和灵敏度分析对Peters 机理(118组分和527反应)进行较大程度简化的基础上, 对低温着火和火焰传播速度影响较大的部分基元反应进行修正和改进后得到的. 与文献给出的实验结果对比表明, 该机理不仅比现有的机理具有较少的组分数和基元反应数, 而且能够更准确地预测正癸烷低温和高温条件下的着火延迟时间和火焰传播速度. 该机理为进一步实现总包简化机理与计算流体力学(CFD)的耦合计算奠定了基础.     

高碳烃宽温度范围燃烧机理构建及动力学模拟

发动机中燃料点火特性以及燃烧能量的释放对于发动机设计具有非常重要的作用,为了提高燃料的燃烧效率以及减少燃料在燃烧过程中污染物的排放,基于反应动力学机理对燃料燃烧过程的模拟就显得十分必要。因此需要更加深入的认识碳氢燃料的燃烧机理,探索其在燃烧过程中十分复杂的化学反应网络。为了发展能够适用于实际燃料多工况条件(宽温度范围、宽压力范围和不同当量比)燃烧的燃烧机理,基于碳氢燃料机理自动生成程序ReaxGen构建了正癸烷燃烧详细机理(包含1499个物种,5713步反应)和正十一烷燃烧详细机理(包含1843个物种,6993步反应)。详细机理主要由小分子核心机理和高碳烃类(C5以上)机理两部分组成。为了验证机理的合理性与可靠性,本文对于高碳烃燃烧新机理在点火延时时间以及物种浓度曲线进行了动力学分析,并与实验数据及国内外同类机理进行了对比,结果表明本文提出的正癸烷和正十一烷燃烧新机理在比较宽泛的温度、压力和当量比条件下都具有较高的模拟精度,为发展精确航空煤油燃烧模型提供了基础数据。同时考虑到详细机理的复杂性以及机理分析的计算量大和时耗长,本文基于误差传播的直接关系图形(Directed Relation Graph with Error Propagation,DRGEP)方法简化得到的包含709组分2793反应的正癸烷和包含820组分3115反应的正十一烷简化机理,使用DRGEP方法时所采用的数据点选自压力范围从1.0×10~5 Pa到1.0×10~6Pa,当量比范围从0.5到2.0,初始温度范围从600到1400时恒压点火的模拟结果在点火延迟时间附近区域的抽样,同时在正癸烷机理简化中选取正癸烷、O_2和N_2作为初始预选组分,正十一烷的机理简化中主要选取正十一烷、O_2和N_2作为初始预选组分,得到的简化机理在比较宽泛的条件下的预测结果与详细机理吻合很好。最后结合敏感度分析方法分析了正癸烷和正十一烷的点火延迟敏感性,考察了机理中影响点火的关键反应。结果表明:这些机理能够合理描述正癸烷和正十一烷的自点火特性,在工程计算流体力学仿真设计中有很好的应用前景。     

正十二烷高温燃烧详细化学动力学机理的系统简化

采用详细化学反应动力学机理的系统简化方法, 以典型航空燃料的替代组分正十二烷为研究对象, 开展了正十二烷高温燃烧化学动力学机理的系统简化. 首先采用多步直接关系图法(DRG)和基于计算奇异值摄动法(CSP)重要性指标的反应移除方法对由1279个组分, 5056个基元反应组成的正十二烷燃烧详细机理进行框架简化, 得到了包含59 个组分, 222 个基元反应的框架机理; 进一步采用CSP对框架机理进行时间尺度分析, 选出了10个准稳态物种, 采用准稳态近似方法(QSSA)构建了包含49个组分的全局简化机理. 计算结果表明, 在较宽的参数范围内, 框架机理和全局简化机理均能够重现正十二烷详细机理在高温燃烧的点火延迟时间、熄火以及物种浓度分布等方面的模拟结果.     

1, 3-丁二烯热裂解的动力学计算与模型研究

1, 3-丁二烯是碳氢燃料燃烧和裂解过程中生成的一种重要产物,也是形成多环芳烃(PAHs)的一种重要前驱体。目前,关于1, 3-丁二烯燃烧实验以及机理的研究较多,但是其热裂解机理的研究较少。本文在B3LYP/CBSB7水平下对1, 3-丁二烯裂解过程中相关反应的反应物、产物以及过渡态进行了几何结构优化和频率计算,并通过组合方法CBS-QB3计算得到了单点能和热力学参数。对于紧致过渡态的反应和无能垒反应,分别采用过渡态理论(TST)和可变反应坐标过渡态理论(VRC-TST)计算其高压极限条件下的反应速率常数。计算得到的反应速率常数与已有文献报导的结果吻合较好。通过量子化学计算,对Hidaka等人提出1, 3-丁二烯的热裂解机理模型进行了更新和改进:更新后的机理模型包含45个物种和224步反应,并对更新后的机理模型进行了模拟验证。结果表明,更新的机理模型能更好地预测1, 3-丁二烯激波管裂解实验过程中C₂H₂、1-丁烯-3-炔(C₄H₄)以及苯(C₆H₆)主要产物的浓度分布,为进一步完善核心机理(C₀-C₄)模型提供了可靠的热、动力学参数。     

城市生活垃圾典型有机组分混合热解特性的研究

利用自行设计的较大物量(约10 g)的热重分析装置对城市生活垃圾典型有机组分（纸屑、木屑、织物、塑料、橡胶、厨余）的混合热解特性进行了实验研究，并用最小二乘法计算得到由若干平行反应组成的热解反应动力学模型，实验结果与模型计算结果吻合较好。在此基础上对城市生活垃圾典型有机组分混合热解中的交互影响和非线性规律进行了分析。结果表明，城市生活垃圾典型有机组分混合热解动力学模型由2个～4个平行反应组成；混合热解中有反应发生合并的现象；热效应和组分比例对混合物综合热解特性有显著影响。     

甲烷在O_2/CO_2气氛下的框架和总包简化机理

构建了适用于甲烷在O_2/CO_2气氛下燃烧的框架机理和总包简化机理.首先使用直接关系图法将甲烷详细氧化机理GRI Mech 3.0初步简化成了包含24组分和126步反应的框架机理;然后,在框架机理的基础上使用准稳态假设法得到了17组分14步反应的总包机理.最后,对框架机理和总包机理在不同火焰类型中的计算结果进行验证.结果表明,发展的框架机理和总包机理适用于多种反应器,与详细机理的计算结果基本相同.     

航空煤油裂解产物燃烧机理构建与动力学模拟

针对航空煤油典型裂解工况的裂解产物,本文提出了以2.99%氢气、45.05%甲烷、36.96%乙烯、0.76%环己烯、8.89%甲苯和5.35%正十二烷(摩尔分数)的六组分煤油裂解产物替代模型,构建了包含323个物种,1544步反应的化学动力学机理。使用Chemkin-pro程序进行宽温度范围裂解产物的动力学模拟,点火延迟模拟结果与实验值吻合较好;点火延迟敏感性分析的结果表明HO_2+OH=H_2O+O_2是机理中的关键反应,同时燃烧中间产物与氧气、HO_2和OH自由基的反应也对点火影响较大。该机理模拟精度较高,能够较好的再现航空煤油裂解产物的燃烧特性。     

Effects of fuel additives on the thermal cracking of n-decane from reactive molecular dynamics

Thermal cracking of n-decane and n-decane in the presence of several fuel additives are studied in order to improve the rate of thermal cracking by using reactive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations employing the ReaxFF reactive force field. From MD simulations, we find the initiation mechanisms of pyrolysis of n-decane are mainly through two pathways: (1) the cleavage of a C-C bond to form smaller hydrocarbon radicals, and (2) the dehydrogenation reaction to form an H radical and the corresponding decyl radical. Another pathway is the H-abstraction reactions by small radicals including H, CH(3), and C(2)H(5). The basic reaction mechanisms are in good agreement with existing chemical kinetic models of thermal decomposition of n-decane. Quantum mechanical calculations of reaction enthalpies demonstrate that the H-abstraction channel is easier compared with the direct C-C or C-H bond-breaking in n-decane. The thermal cracking of n-decane with several additives is further investigated. ReaxFF MD simulations lead to reasonable Arrhenius parameters compared with experimental results based on first-order kinetic analysis. The different chemical structures of the fuel additives greatly affect the apparent activation energy and pre-exponential factors. The presence of diethyl ether (DEE), methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), 1-nitropropane (NP), 3,6,9-triethyl-3,6,9-trimethyl-1,2,4,5,7,8-hexaoxonane (TEMPO), triethylamine (TEA), and diacetonediperodixe (DADP) exhibit remarkable promoting effect on the thermal cracking rates, compared with that of pure n-decane, in the following order: NP > TEMPO > DADP > DEE (～MTBE) > TEA, which coincides with experimental results. These results demonstrate that reactive MD simulations can be used to screen for fuel additives and provide useful information for more comprehensive chemical kinetic model studies at the molecular level.     

Pyrolysis kinetics of ethylene–propylene (EPM) and ethylene–propylene–diene (EPDM)

The thermal degradation kinetics of several ethylene–propylene copolymers (EPM) and ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymers (EPDM), with different chemical compositions, have been studied by means of the combined kinetic analysis. Until now, attempts to establish the kinetic model for the process have been unsuccessful and previous reports suggest that a model other than a conventional nth order might be responsible. Here, a random scission kinetic model, based on the breakage and evaporation of cleavaged fragments, is found to describe the degradation of all compositions studied. The suitability of the kinetic parameters resulting from the analysis has been asserted by successfully reconstructing the experimental curves. Additionally, it has been shown that the activation energy for the pyrolysis of the EPM copolymers decreases by increasing the propylene content. An explanation for this behavior is given. A low dependence of the EPDM chemical composition on the activation energy for the pyrolysis has been reported, although the thermal stability is influenced by the composition of the diene used.     

Development of a detailed pyrolysis mechanism for C1–C4 hydrocarbons under a wide range of temperature and pressure

A model of core mechanism of hydrocarbon pyrolysis with good predictive ability is crucial to the development of active cooling technology for advanced aeroengines. In this work, a detailed core kinetic model of pyrolysis of C₁–C₄ hydrocarbon fuels is developed through the combination of a series of potential energy surfaces and validated against a series of experimental results. The kinetic model contains 103 species and 1290 reactions, and most of the kinetic and thermochemical parameters are compiled from recent highly accurate quantum chemical calculations without modification. The pressure-dependent rate constants are considered for the dissociation/association reactions, isomerization reactions, and chemically activated reactions. Simulation results for various alkanes (methane, ethane, propane, n-butane, isobutane), alkenes (ethylene, propene, 1-butene, 2-butene, isobutene, allene, 1,3-butadiene), and alkynes (acetylene, propyne, vinylacetylene) indicate that the major product distributions at various temperatures (800-2300 K) and pressures (0.8-10 atm) can be predicted well by the developed core kinetic model. Thus, the developed pyrolysis mechanism for C₁–C₄ hydrocarbons can be used as a cornerstone to develop the pyrolysis mechanisms of larger hydrocarbon fuels and thus support the development of thermal management in advanced aeroengines.     

Numerical modeling of titanium carbide synthesis in thermal plasma reactors

Titanium carbide powders synthesized in thermal plasma reactors are virtually always contaminated by soot. Equilibrium modeling predicts a viable process window without soot formation; however, this has not been achieved in practice. A numerical model incorporating chemical kinetics, nucleation and growth, and soot formation mechanisms has been developed to investigate this process. The chemical kinetic scheme teas based on ethylene pyrolysis and methane combustion with additional reactions to account for titanium-based molecules and the free carbon species found at plasma temperatures. Nucleation and .soot formation were based on simple kinetic models. The governing equations were integrated through time using typical temperature-time histories found by computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modeling of a radio frequency plasma torch. The results indicate that the synthesis is governed by interactions between several parallel processes and that there is a delicate balance between reactant stoichiometry, system pressure, cooling rate, product formation, and soot formation. This balance may be a limiting feature of ceramic carbide production in thermal plasma reactors.     

Shock tube investigation of methyl tert butyl ether and methyl tetrahydrofuran high-temperature kinetics

The autoignition and pyrolysis of two C5 ethers, methyl tert butyl ether (MTBE) and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MTHF), are investigated using the shock tube reactor. The experiments are carried out at pressures of 3.5 and 12 atm at temperatures above 1000 K with argon as a diluent gas. By means of direct laser absorption, carbon monoxide time histories and associated chemical kinetic timescales are also determined. It is observed that the competition between ignition and pyrolysis times depends on the temperature and equivalence ratio of the ignition mixture, such that there is a temperature above which pyrolysis predominates oxidative kinetics. This crossover temperature shifts toward higher temperatures for reactive systems with a fixed fuel concentration but higher oxygen content. The resulting experimental observations are also compared with predictions of existing chemical kinetic models from the literature. The results point to differences in chemical reactivity, such that in pyrolysis conditions, the reactivity of the cyclic ether, 2-MTHF, is generally higher than that of the aliphatic ether, MTBE. While agreement between experimental observations and model predictions is observed under certain conditions, significant variance between observations and predictions is observed under other conditions. With respect to prediction of the pyrolysis time used to capture the global kinetics of pyrolysis, it is observed that the relation of this time to the time needed to attain 90% of the equilibrium CO concentration varies greatly with the result that the models used in this work generally predict a faster initial formation of CO but a much slower approach to the equilibrium concentration. This is thought to arise from the slow transformation of intermediate CH₂O and CH₂CO to CO. The chemical kinetic models considered in this work are therefore not capable of predicting the CO time histories during pyrolysis.     

Biomass pyrolysis kinetics: A comparative critical review with relevant agricultural residue case studies

Biomass pyrolysis is a fundamental thermochemical conversion process that is of both industrial and ecological importance. From designing and operating industrial biomass conversion systems to modeling the spread of wildfires, an understanding of solid state pyrolysis kinetics is imperative. A critical review of kinetic models and mathematical approximations currently employed in solid state thermal analysis is provided. Isoconversional and model-fitting methods for estimating kinetic parameters are comparatively evaluated. The thermal decomposition of biomass proceeds via a very complex set of competitive and concurrent reactions and thus the exact mechanism for biomass pyrolysis remains a mystery. The pernicious persistence of substantial variations in kinetic rate data for solids irrespective of the kinetic model employed has exposed serious divisions within the thermal analysis community and also caused the broader scientific and industrial community to question the relevancy and applicability of all kinetic data obtained from heterogeneous reactions. Many factors can influence the kinetic parameters, including process conditions, heat and mass transfer limitations, physical and chemical heterogeneity of the sample, and systematic errors. An analysis of thermal decomposition data obtained from two agricultural residues, nutshells and sugarcane bagasse, reveals the inherent difficulty and risks involved in modeling heterogeneous reaction systems.     

不同常压流化床煤气化方案的模型预测 Ⅰ. 模型建立及验证

为评价不同气化方案对常压流化床气化的影响，从化学动力学角度并结合化学平衡建立了流化床气化模型，该模型考虑了煤热解和气化所经历的各反应过程。模型预测结果与文献报道的试验数据吻合较好，气化组分的平方误差和在10%左右，表明该模型可以用来预测各种气化方案对常压流化床气化的气化过程、生成煤气组分和气化效率等方面的影响。     

正癸烷与二甲苯在超临界压力下的热裂解

采用连续流动装置对正癸烷和二甲苯在超临界压力下的热裂解对比研究. 用气相色谱和色质联用仪对其气相产物和液相产物进行分析, 计算气相产物产率和裂解转化率, 并运用计算化学方法获得正癸烷和二甲苯不同化学键的键能, 从实验和理论上分析其裂解反应的难易程度和裂解规律. 实验结果表明, 在4 MPa和650、700、750 ℃条件下, 正癸烷比二甲苯更容易裂解, 正癸烷裂解产物以C₁-C₃小分子的烃类和氢气为主, 而二甲苯裂解产物主要为乙苯、甲苯和其它芳香类化合物; 键能计算结果表明, 正癸烷碳链骨架的C－C键能和C－H键能均较小, 裂解反应的诱发步骤应该是C－C键断裂, 而二甲苯苯环上C－C和C－H键能均较大, 裂解诱发步骤应该是侧链甲基脱氢反应. 因此正癸烷裂解反应以C－C键断裂和脱氢反应为主, 二甲苯裂解主要发生侧链甲基C－C键断裂和脱氢反应, 而芳环则比较稳定, 理论计算键能分析与裂解实验结果一致.