甲基苯热裂解机理的理论研究

在半经验UAM1方法及从头算UHF／3－21G*水平的基础上，用考虑了电子相关效应的密度泛函UB3LYP／3－21G＊方法对碳前驱体甲基苯的热裂解反应机理进行了研究，并对反应物、产物自由基及过渡态的结构进行了能量梯度法全优化。计算结果表明，甲基苯的热裂解温度较低时，首先支持苯环甲基上的C－H键断裂，继而发生生成联二甲苯的反应。随着温度的提高，生成苯自由基的反应比例将增加，同时发生少量的苯环上C－H键断裂的反应。该反应机理与实验结果相一致；用密度泛函方法UB3LYP／3－21G*计算的反应标准焓变ΔH与实验值吻合较好。     

乙苯与二甲苯在超临界压力下的热裂解研究

采用连续流动装置, 在压力为4 MPa, 温度分别在700, 750和780 ℃条件下, 开展了乙苯和二甲苯在超临界压力条件下热裂解反应的实验研究. 对乙苯和二甲苯裂解的气相产物, 采用在线气相色谱进行分析; 而裂解的液相产物则通过色质联用仪进行定量分析. 研究发现乙苯和二甲苯裂解的气相产物组成基本相同, 而液相产物组成相差较大, 但都是芳香烃类化合物. 乙苯和二甲苯的转化率都随温度升高而增加; 在相同温度下, 乙苯比二甲苯转化率高. 此外, 裂解过程并未发现明显的结焦现象, 说明纯芳香烃物质的热裂解并不会导致严重积炭. 同时, 本文还采用密度泛函方法在BHandHLYP/6-31+G(d, p)水平上, 对乙苯和甲苯分别进行结构优化并计算相关的键能. 计算结果表明: 乙苯侧链乙基中的C—C键的键能最小, 从而说明乙苯侧链烷基更容易发生断键反应, 理论结果很好地解释了乙苯比二甲苯裂解转化率高的实验现象. 本文的工作对燃料裂解结焦机理的重新认识有重要的意义.     

NO2气相硝化金刚烷的计算研究

运用密度泛函理论(DFT)和半经验MO-PM3方法研究了NO₂气相硝化金刚烷反应机理. 计算结果表明, NO₂不能直接取代金刚烷H; 在B3LYP/6-311＋＋G(3df,2pd)//B3LYP/6-31G* 较高水平下, 对三个可能机理的反应势垒(E_a)的精确计算表明, 该反应的决速步骤为NO₂中O和N进攻1-H的竞争过程, 且1-硝基金刚烷为主要产物. NO₂中O进攻1-H决速反应过程中, 分子几何、原子自然电荷及IR光谱变化表明, C—H键的断裂和N—H键的形成是一个协同过程; 参与新键形成和旧键断裂原子C(1), H(11), O(28), O(29)和N(27)的原子自然电荷及与其相关的键长、键角有明显的变化. 反应过程中体系偶极矩的变化表明, 极性溶剂能降低反应势垒, 有利于反应的进行.     

NO2气相硝化金刚烷的计算研究

运用密度泛函理论(DFT)和半经验MO-PM3方法研究了NO₂气相硝化金刚烷反应机理. 计算结果表明, NO₂不能直接取代金刚烷H; 在B3LYP/6-311＋＋G(3df,2pd)//B3LYP/6-31G* 较高水平下, 对三个可能机理的反应势垒(E_a)的精确计算表明, 该反应的决速步骤为NO₂中O和N进攻1-H的竞争过程, 且1-硝基金刚烷为主要产物. NO₂中O进攻1-H决速反应过程中, 分子几何、原子自然电荷及IR光谱变化表明, C—H键的断裂和N—H键的形成是一个协同过程; 参与新键形成和旧键断裂原子C(1), H(11), O(28), O(29)和N(27)的原子自然电荷及与其相关的键长、键角有明显的变化. 反应过程中体系偶极矩的变化表明, 极性溶剂能降低反应势垒, 有利于反应的进行.     

全氟烷基磺酸酯C—O键断裂的同面SN2反应

用密度泛函理论研究了CF₃SO₃CF₂CF₃＋F^－的碳氧键断裂反应的机理. 首先, 用DFT方法优化了反应物、中间体、过渡态、产物的平衡构型, 分析了碳氧键断裂反应的势能面变化. 发现在S_N2反应机理中, 除了S—O断裂S_N2反应外, 引起C—O键断裂的同面进攻也是一个可能的反应途径. 理论计算表明, 最终反应的产物是受热力学控制的, S—O键的断裂绝对地优于C—O的断裂. 因此, C—O断裂的同面机理虽然是可能的, 但却难以被实验观察到. 本文还讨论了端基 —F₃在同面S_N2反应中的邻位效应, 以及基组对这个效应的影响.     

铂催化甲醇氧化开始步骤的研究

用ab initio和密度泛函(DFT)方法研究甲醇在铂低指数晶面的脱氢步骤. 在经典的Bagotzky模型计算的基础上提出了三种新的吸附脱氢模型, 并通过计算证明了三种模型的可行性, 计算证实了原位波谱法检测到的甲醇在铂上脱氢的三种中间体, CHOH, CH₂OH和CH₃O. 得出了甲醇脱氢的根本原因在于形成的强Pt—H键, 且在Pt不同的晶面上, 催化性能及反应历程、中间产物都不同.     

甲苯热解机理的AM1研究(Ⅰ)热力学分析

在实验的基础上,本文用Gaussian98程序包中AM1法UHF计算,对碳材料用碳前驱体甲苯的热裂解反应机理进行了研究。在对反应物,产物自由基的结构进行能量梯度法全优化的同时,计算了不同温度下的标准热力学参数（298－1073K）。热力学计算结果表明：（1）当甲苯的热裂解温度相对较低时（773K左右）,热力学计算结果首先支持苯环上甲基C－H键的断裂生成苯基自由基并继而生成联二甲苯的反应;随着温度的提高（达1073K时）,生成苯自由基和甲基自由基的反应比例将大生成苄基自由基的比例;该反应机理与实验结果基本一致。（2）采用Gaussian98程序包中AM1法中的UHF计算,较适合低级芳香烃热裂解反应机理的理论研究。     

VMgO催化剂上丙烷和异丁烷临氧催化转化机理

用程序升温反应 -红外光谱技术研究 2 0VMgO和 6 0VMgO催化剂上丙烷和异丁烷临氧催化转化的机理 .结果表明 ,临氧条件下的反应性是异丁烷 >丙烷 ,与其分子中最弱C -H键键能从弱到强顺序相同 ,这意味着临氧活化的第一步可能是断裂分子中强度最弱的C -H键、且为速率控制步骤 ;丙烷临氧反应的深度氧化产物COx 与氧化脱氢产物丙烯的生成是平行和 (或 )连续反应关系 ,而裂解产物乙烯和甲烷的生成则是平行反应 ;异丁烷氧化脱氢反应中C -C键的断裂比丙烷的容易 .     

Cs改性X型沸石上甲苯和甲醇的侧链烷基化反应

研究了碱金属离子交换和CsNO₃负载改性X型沸石上甲苯和甲醇的侧链烷基化反应。实验结果显示碱金属离子交换X型沸石由于碱性较弱其碱催化脱氢能力和侧链烷基化反应活性较低，而在Cs负载改性X型沸石上，由于CsNO₃负载物形成新的强碱位，能有效催化甲醇脱氢，表现出高的侧链反应活性。实验发现侧链烷基化反应产物收率(Y_EB+Sty)与异丙醇分解产物丙酮选择性(Sel._A)之间有极好的关联。     

CH2CO＋CH2的多通道反应的理论研究

利用密度泛函(DFT)和自然键轨道理论(NBO)及高级电子耦合簇[CCSD(T)]和电子密度拓扑(AIM)方法, 对单重态和三重态CH₂与CH₂CO反应的微观机理进行了研究. 在B3LYP/6-311＋G(d,p)水平上优化了反应通道各驻点的几何构型. 在CCSD(T)/6-311＋G(d,p)水平上计算了各物种的单点能量, 并对总能量进行了校正. 计算表明, 单重态CH₂与CH₂CO的C—H键可发生插入反应, 与C＝C、C＝O可发生加成反应, 存在三条反应通道, 产物为CO和C₂H₄, 从能量变化和反应速控步骤能垒两方面考虑, 反应II更容易发生. 对反应通道中的关键点进行了自然键轨道及电子密度拓扑分析. 三重态CH₂与CH₂CO的反应存在三条反应通道, 一条是与C-H键的插入反应, 另一条是三重态CH₂与C＝C发生加成反应, 产物为CO和三重态C₂H₄, 通道II势垒较低, 更容易发生. 最后一条涉及双自由基的反应活化能最大, 最难发生.     

Effects of fuel additives on the thermal cracking of n-decane from reactive molecular dynamics

Thermal cracking of n-decane and n-decane in the presence of several fuel additives are studied in order to improve the rate of thermal cracking by using reactive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations employing the ReaxFF reactive force field. From MD simulations, we find the initiation mechanisms of pyrolysis of n-decane are mainly through two pathways: (1) the cleavage of a C-C bond to form smaller hydrocarbon radicals, and (2) the dehydrogenation reaction to form an H radical and the corresponding decyl radical. Another pathway is the H-abstraction reactions by small radicals including H, CH(3), and C(2)H(5). The basic reaction mechanisms are in good agreement with existing chemical kinetic models of thermal decomposition of n-decane. Quantum mechanical calculations of reaction enthalpies demonstrate that the H-abstraction channel is easier compared with the direct C-C or C-H bond-breaking in n-decane. The thermal cracking of n-decane with several additives is further investigated. ReaxFF MD simulations lead to reasonable Arrhenius parameters compared with experimental results based on first-order kinetic analysis. The different chemical structures of the fuel additives greatly affect the apparent activation energy and pre-exponential factors. The presence of diethyl ether (DEE), methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), 1-nitropropane (NP), 3,6,9-triethyl-3,6,9-trimethyl-1,2,4,5,7,8-hexaoxonane (TEMPO), triethylamine (TEA), and diacetonediperodixe (DADP) exhibit remarkable promoting effect on the thermal cracking rates, compared with that of pure n-decane, in the following order: NP > TEMPO > DADP > DEE (～MTBE) > TEA, which coincides with experimental results. These results demonstrate that reactive MD simulations can be used to screen for fuel additives and provide useful information for more comprehensive chemical kinetic model studies at the molecular level.     

正癸烷热裂解实验和动力学模拟

采用自制常压裂解装置, 研究了正癸烷在温度范围为973-1123 K, 停留时间为0.5-2 s时, 热裂解主要气相产物氢气、甲烷和乙烯的分布情况. 根据自主开发的机理生成软件ReaxGen, 构建了正癸烷热裂解的详细机理, 该机理包含1072步反应和281个物种. 进一步进行动力学模拟, 并用实验结果进行了初步验证. 结果表明, 在反应的温度区间内, 短的停留时间有利于乙烯和氢气的生成. 通过敏感度分析, 确定了常压下973 K, 停留时间为1 s时影响氢气、甲烷和乙烯产量的主要反应步骤是烷基的重排和β裂解反应.     

Studies on the Valence Band of Ethylene (C2 H4) on Fu ( ) Surface

The ethylene(C2H4)absorbs in molecular state on Ru (1010) surface stably below 200K. The dehydrogenated of ethylene occurs at 200K. The main product of the dehydrogenation of the absorbed ethylene is the acetylene (C2H2). After the dehydrogenation of the absorbed ethylene, the binding energies ofσCCandσCHbond have an increase of 0.5 and 1.1eV respectively. The C-C bonds of both ethylene and acetylene tilt in <0001> azimuth.     

基于密度泛函理论研究木质素二聚体C_α-OH基团的修饰对其热解均裂历程的影响

采用密度泛函理论方法,对四种β-O-4型二聚体木质素模型化合物2-(2-甲氧基苯氧基)-1-苯基乙烷-1-醇、2-(2-甲氧基苯氧基)-1-苯基乙烷-1-酮、1-甲氧基-2-(2-甲氧基-2-苯基乙氧基)苯、2-(2-甲氧基苯氧基)-1-苯乙基乙酸酯的C_(aromatic)-O、C_(aromatic)-C_α、C_α-C_β、C_β-O键均裂解离能进行了理论计算,并对所述二聚体的热解均裂历程进行了理论计算研究,分析了不同二聚体的热解产物形成途径。结果表明,C_β-O键均裂是二聚体初次热解的主要反应,C_α-C_β键均裂是竞争反应。C_α-OH官能团被氧化、乙酰化修饰后,C_β-O键均裂解离能降低,而C_α-C_β键的键解离能升高,C_β-O键裂解概率增大,C_α-C_β键均裂竞争性降低。基于上述四种模型化合物热解的主要芳香族产物有苯甲醇、甲苯、苯甲醛和愈创木酚等,C_α-OH官能团的选择性修饰可调控热解产物种类,其中,氧化修饰后的二聚体的热解产物种类变少,产物选择性增强;甲基化、乙酰化修饰后的二聚体热解可产生苯乙烷和甲苯。     

DFT Studies on Detonation Properties,Pyrolysis Mechanism,and Stability of the Nitro and Hydroxyl Derivatives of Benzene

Ninety‐one nitro and hydroxyl derivatives of benzene were studied at the B3LYP/6‐31G?? level of density functional theory. Detonation properties were calculated using the Kamlet‐Jacobs equation. Three candidates (pentanitrophenol, pentanitrobenzene, and hexanitrobenzene) were recommended as potential high energy density compounds for their perfect detonation performances and reasonable stability. The pyrolysis mechanism was studied by analyzing the bond dissociation energy (BDE) and the activation energy (E_a) of hydrogen transfer (H–T) reaction for those with adjacent nitro and hydroxyl groups. The results show that E_a is much lower than BDEs of all bonds, so when there are adjacent nitro and hydroxyl groups in a molecule, the stability of the compound will decrease and the pyrolysis will be initiated by the H–T process. Otherwise, the pyrolysis will start from the breaking of the weakest C–NO₂ bond, and only under such condition, the Mulliken population or BDE of the C–NO₂ bond can be used to assess the relative stability of the compound.     

有机金属化合物中二级化学键的理论研究(V)——二级化学键生成的分子力学研究

用分子力学方法对一些金属汞化合物进行了探讨和研究.通过与参考体系对比以及内旋转势垒计算的方式，说明了在诸如cis-ClHgCHCHCl(Ⅰ)，0-C     

取代基对腺嘌呤与胸腺嘧啶氢键复合物体系结合能的影响

优化得到了17个取代胸腺嘧啶与腺嘌呤形成的氢键复合物的结构, 并计算了这些复合物的结合能, 探讨了胸腺嘧啶上不同取代基对结合能的影响. 结果表明, CF₃取代的胸腺嘧啶与腺嘌呤间的结合能大于胸腺嘧啶与腺嘌呤间的结合能, 这可能是屈氟尿苷具有阻止病毒及肿瘤扩散功能的原因所在. SO₃H, CN和NO₂取代的胸腺嘧啶与腺嘌呤间具有更大的结合能, 表明这3个基团取代的胸腺嘧啶也可能具有潜在的抗肿瘤作用. 分子中原子理论与自然键轨道分析表明, 在所有体系中, 氢键N—H…N最强, N—H…O=C次之, C—H…O=C最弱, 轨道作用在氢键作用中占有重要地位.     

Complexes H2CO:PXH2 and HCO2H : PXH2 for X=NC,F, Cl,CN, OH,CCH, CH3, and H: Pnicogen Bonds and Hydrogen Bonds

Ab initio MP2/aug’-cc-pVTZ calculations have been carried out to investigate H₂CO : PXH₂ pnicogen-bonded complexes and HCO₂H : PXH₂ complexes that are stabilized by pnicogen bonds and hydrogen bonds, with X=NC, F, Cl, CN, OH, CCH, CH₃, and H. The binding energies of these complexes exhibit a second-order dependence on the O−P distance. DFT-SAPT binding energies correlate linearly with MP2 binding energies. The HCO₂H : PXH₂ complexes are stabilized by both a pnicogen bond and a hydrogen bond, resulting in greater binding energies for the HCO₂H : PXH₂ complexes compared to H₂CO : PXH₂. Neither the O−P distance across the pnicogen bond nor the O−P distance across the hydrogen bond correlates with the binding energies of these complexes. The nonlinearity of the hydrogen bonds suggests that they are relatively weak bonds, except for complexes in which the substituent X is either CH₃ or H. The pnicogen bond is the more important stabilizing interaction in the HCO₂H : PXH₂ complexes except when the substituent X is a more electropositive group. EOM-CCSD spin-spin coupling constants ^1pJ(O−P) across pnicogen bonds in H₂CO:PXH₂ and HCO₂H : PXH₂ complexes increase as the O−P distance decreases, and exhibit a second order dependence on that distance. There is no correlation between ^2hJ(O−P) and the O−P distance across the hydrogen bond in the HCO₂H : PXH₂ complexes. ^2hJ(O−P) coupling constants for complexes with X=CH₃ and H have much greater absolute values than anticipated from their O−P distances.     

Deprotonation of C‐Alkyl Groups of Cationic Triruthenium Clusters Containing Cyclometalated C‐Alkylpyrazinium Ligands: Experimental and Computational Studies

The C‐alkyl groups of cationic triruthenium cluster complexes of the type [Ru₃(μ‐H)(μ‐κ²N¹,C² ‐L)(CO)₁₀]⁺ (HL represents a generic C‐alkyl‐N‐methylpyrazium species) have been deprotonated to give kinetic products that contain unprecedented C‐alkylidene derivatives and maintain the original edge‐bridged decacarbonyl structure. When the starting complexes contain various C‐alkyl groups, the selectivity of these deprotonation reactions is related to the atomic charges of the alkyl H atoms, as suggested by DFT/natural‐bond orbital (NBO) calculations. Three additional electronic properties of the C‐alkyl C? H bonds have also been found to correlate with the experimental regioselectivity because, in all cases, the deprotonated C? H bond has the smallest electron density at the bond critical point, the greatest Laplacian of the electron density at the bond critical point, and the greatest total energy density ratio at the bond critical point (computed by using the quantum theory of atoms in molecules, QTAIM). The kinetic decacarbonyl products evolve, under appropriate reaction conditions that depend upon the position of the C‐alkylidene group in the heterocyclic ring, toward face‐capped nonacarbonyl derivatives (thermodynamic products). The position of the C‐alkylidene group in the heterocyclic ring determines the distribution of single and double bonds within the ligand ring, which strongly affects the stability of the neutral decacarbonyl complexes and the way these ligands coordinate to the metal atoms in the nonacarbonyl products. The mechanisms of these decacarbonylation processes have been investigated by DFT methods, which have rationalized the structures observed for the final products and have shed light on the different kinetic and thermodynamic stabilities of the reaction intermediates, thus explaining the reaction conditions experimentally required by each transformation.     

C?H and N?H bond activation in reactions of vinyl acetate,allyl cyanide,allylamine and other amines with (η-C5H5)2Rh2(CO)(CF3C2CF3)

There is activation of olefinic C? H bonds when (η-C₅H₅)₂Rh₂(CO)(CF₃C₂CF₃) is treated with vinyl acetate or allyl cyanide. These reactions are initiated by exposure to sunlight. In the vinyl acetate reaction, each of the three vinylic C? H bonds can be broken, but there is strong preference for cleavage at the substituted carbon. The products formed in these reactions are bisalkenyl complexes of the type (η-C₅H₅)₂Rh₂{μ-C(CF₃)C(CF₃)H}(μ-CR?CR′R″), and all isomers have been thoroughly characterized by NMR analysis. Similar reactions with allylamine and other amines (NH₂R, NHMe₂) occur in the dark and proceed by N? H bond cleavage. Near-quantitative amounts of the products, (η-C₅H₅)Rh₂{C(CF₃)C(CF₃)H}(C(O)NRR′) are isolated. Spectroscopic data indicate a bridging carboxamide ligand attached to the Rh? Rh bond from oxygen and nitrogen donor sites. It is proposed that coordination of O or N to rhodium has a strong influence on all of the reactions studied.