石墨烯/聚苯胺复合材料的制备及应用

石墨烯/聚苯胺复合材料由于其优异的电学、热学、电化学性能和机械性能等特点,吸引了研究者们的广泛关注。本文对近几年来石墨烯/聚苯胺复合材料的发展状况进行了简单介绍,首先总结了原位聚合法、界面聚合法、自组装法、溶液共混法等不同制备方法对石墨烯/聚苯胺复合材料结构和性能的影响。由于石墨烯/聚苯胺复合材料结合了石墨烯和聚苯胺两者的优点,展现出更加优异的性能,因此本文还对其在超级电容器、传感器、燃料电池、太阳能电池等方面的应用进行了详细介绍。     

导电聚苯胺/钙基膨润土复合材料的制备

采用插层聚合法制备了导电聚苯胺/钙基膨润土、聚苯胺/有机化膨润土复合材料.以电导率为考核指标,通过正交设计优化了苯胺的加入量、反应温度和反应时间等参数.结果表明,苯胺的加入量影响较显著,反应温度对聚苯胺/有机化膨润土复合材料影响较聚苯胺/钙基膨润土体系明显,反应时间的延长,有利于聚苯胺/有机化膨润土复合材料电导率的提高.聚苯胺/钙基膨润土复合材料制备的最佳工艺条件为:苯胺加入量为70%,反应温度为0℃,反应时间为6 h;聚苯胺/有机化膨润土复合材料制备的最佳工艺条件为:苯胺加入量为70%,反应温度为室温,反应时间为8 h.利用红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)和四探针技术表征了材料的组成、结构和性能.结果表明:膨润土经有机化后,晶面间距增大较多;苯胺单体与钙基膨润土插层聚合后,膨润土晶面间距增大不多;苯胺单体与有机化膨润土复合后,破坏了膨润土的晶格结构,形成了混杂复合体系,电导率达10-3S.cm-1.     

石墨烯/橡胶纳米复合材料研究进展

石墨烯结合了碳纳米管导电和黏土片层的结构特征,为发展高性能、多功能聚合物纳米复合材料提供了新的方向.石墨烯/橡胶纳米复合材料近年来引起广泛关注.众多研究结果表明石墨烯是橡胶的理想填料之一,为高性能橡胶改性提供了新途径.本文介绍了石墨烯/橡胶纳米复合材料的3种主要制备方法,即乳液共混法、溶液共混法和机械混炼法,以及材料的物理机械性能、电学性能、气体阻隔性能和热学性能,并分析了该类材料的发展前景和存在问题.     

聚苯胺/碳化钨导电复合材料的合成

以苯胺和过硫酸胺为原料,采用原位聚合方法合成了聚苯胺/碳化钨(PANI/WC)导电复合材料。研究了反应体系中碳化钨的含量对复合材料电导率的影响,确定了较佳的聚合条件,并且通过FT-IR、XRD、XPS和DSC-TGA等手段对复合材料的结构和性能进行了表征和分析。结果表明:碳化钨(WC)的加入提高了聚苯胺的电子导电性能,复合材料中聚苯胺组分为无定型,WC的晶型在反应前后并未发生变化,复合材料的热稳定性好并且质子化程度更高。     

超级电容器石墨烯-聚苯胺复合材料的研究进展

超级电容器具有功率密度高、充放电速度快、循环寿命长和维护成本低的特点,在电动车动力电池领域具有潜在的应用前景。超级电容器性能主要由其电极材料所决定。聚苯胺易合成、理论比容量高,而且导电性能优异,作为超级电容器电极材料有很高的应用价值。但是,在长期使用过程中,它的体积容易发生膨胀或收缩,循环寿命差。为了解决这个问题,将聚苯胺与石墨烯复合可以扬长避短,充分利用两者之间的协同效应,赋予复合材料优异电化学电容性能。本文综述了超级电容器用石墨烯-聚苯胺复合材料的制备方法,包括原位聚合法、油水界面合成法、电化学合成法、层层自组装法等;提出了三维网状石墨烯和对石墨烯-聚苯胺复合材料进行改性来提高复合材料的电化学电容性能的思路。     

基于纳米碳填料可拉伸导电聚合物复合材料的制备

碳系材料具有导电性强、稳定性好、价格低廉等优点,被广泛用于制备可拉伸导电复合材料,并且在可拉伸、可穿戴电子设备等领域有巨大的应用潜力,引起了研究者的密切关注。本文介绍了碳系材料的种类,主要有炭黑、碳纳米管和石墨烯等;总结了3种纳米复合材料的主要制备工艺:原位聚合法、熔融共混法和溶液混合法,并介绍了传统印刷技术和新型打印技术。分析了复合材料的导电机理,介绍了渗流阈值理论;并重点探讨了其在可拉伸传感器和可拉伸能量储存设备领域的应用。针对基于纳米碳填料制备的可拉伸导电聚合物复合材料指出目前研究的不足之处:导电填料分散性差、导电网络不稳定和无法大规模生产等,并提出了多种解决方案。对基于纳米碳填料制备的可拉伸导电聚合物复合材料在微型化、可拉伸、可穿戴电子设备领域的应用前景作出了展望。     

聚苯胺复合材料的制备方法及应用进展

复合材料是由两种或多种性质不同的物质组成的多元材料,具有比各组分材料更优异的或原来不具备的性能。聚苯胺(PANI)作为最具应用前景的导电高分子材料,国内外对基于PANI的复合材料的研究也愈加关注。本文对PANI复合材料制备方法的研究成果进行了综述,主要包括原位化学法、共混法、电化学法、层层自组装法等。探讨了PANI复合材料在电极、导电、防腐、传感、分离、催化等方面的应用性能,并展望了PANI复合材料今后研究与应用的发展方向。     

超级电容器用石墨烯-聚苯胺复合材料的研究进展

超级电容器具有功率密度高、充放电速度快、循环寿命长和维护成本低的特点,在电动车动力电池领域具有潜在的应用前景。超级电容器性能主要由其电极材料所决定。聚苯胺易合成、理论比容量高,而且导电性能优异,作为超级电容器电极材料有很高的应用价值。但是,在长期使用过程中,它的体积容易发生膨胀或收缩,循环寿命差。为了解决这个问题,将聚苯胺与石墨烯复合可以扬长避短,充分利用两者之间的协同效应,赋予复合材料优异电化学电容性能。本文综述了超级电容器用石墨烯-聚苯胺复合材料的制备方法,包括原位聚合法、油水界面合成法、电化学合成法、层层自组装法等;提出了三维网状石墨烯和对石墨烯-聚苯胺复合材料进行改性来提高复合材料的电化学电容性能的思路。     

聚苯胺/碳纳米管复合材料的研究进展

聚苯胺(PANI)作为一种研究最广泛的导电高分子材料,具有高导电性及良好的氧化还原性。但PANI具有的共轭离域结构使其难溶于有机溶剂,在中性和碱性环境中电导性差,应用受到制约。将具有优异电学性能、导热性能、光学性能和机械性能的碳纳米管(CNTs)与PANI复合,克服PANI的结构缺陷,充分发挥二者的协同作用,可有效提高电容和循环稳定性。综述了近年来国内外有关PANI/CNTs复合材料的制备方法,如化学氧化聚合法和电化学聚合法等,详细介绍了PANI/CNTs复合材料在超级电容器、电化学分析与电池及传感器等方面的应用研究进展,并根据PANI和CNTs性能特点,对复合材料的应用和发展进行展望。     

石墨烯/橡胶纳米复合材料

石墨烯具有极高的力学性质和导电/导热性质,在橡胶复合材料中具有广阔的应用前景.本文首先简要综述了石墨烯的制备和功能化,而后重点介绍了石墨烯/橡胶复合材料的制备方法、性能及相关的结构-性能关系研究的现状,并对石墨烯/橡胶复合材料研究的挑战和机遇进行了展望.     

聚氨酯/聚丙烯酸酯复合乳液的研制进展

概述聚氨酯－聚丙烯酸酯复合乳液的制备方法。特别对聚氨酯－聚丙烯酸酯复合乳液共聚法作了较为系统的介绍和讨论。     

Preparation of liquid crystal emulsion and its application performance study

The aim of this study was the formulation composition and characterization of the liquid crystal (LC) emulsion. First, influences of formulation composition on preparation of LC structure were studied, including the aliphatic alcohols with different carbon chain length, the liquid oils with different polarities, the sodium chloride, and the polygons. The results showed that fatty alcohols which is closer to the hydrophobic group of the emulsifier, little liquid oil, and little polyols were conducive to form LC structure. Then, the application performance of LC structure emulsion was studied. The results showed that compared with the conventional structure emulsion, the LC structure emulsion had more excellent moisturizing property, slow release effect, and the promoted penetration effect.     

Preparation of polyaniline‐sulfate salt ­by emulsion and aqueous ­polymerization pathway without using ­protonic acid

Aniline was polymerized directly into polyaniline‐sulfate salt without using protonic acid in this work. Polyaniline‐sulfate salt was prepared by emulsion and aqueous polymerization pathways. The dopant i.e. sulfate ion in polyaniline‐sulfate salt was generated from ammonium persulfate which was used for oxidizing aniline. Ammonium persulfate acts both as oxidizing agent as well as protonating agent in the polymerization process of aniline to polyaniline salt. The efficiency of oxidizing and protonating power of ammonium persulfate is increased by the use of surfactant. The activity of ammonium persulfate is further increased by the use of sulfuric acid as protonic acid. It may be necessary to consider the effect of sulfate ion which is generated during the oxidation process of aniline in the chemical polymerization of aniline to polyaniline salt by ammonium persulfate either aqueous or emulsion polymerization pathway in the presence of protonic acid/functionalized protonic acid. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

有序介孔二氧化硅/聚苯胺复合物

本文综述了有序介孔二氧化硅/聚苯胺复合物从出现至今的10余年里的研究进展,介绍了复合物的合成方法,包括气相法、液相法和一步合成法,以及模板剂单体原位合成法等。引入苯胺单体后在孔道内聚合生成聚苯胺,即聚苯胺与有序介孔二氧化硅形成了复合物。该复合物的结构和形貌,以及孔道中聚苯胺的结构形态和电学性质,与本体聚苯胺相比具有显著的变化。这种以有序介孔二氧化硅为模板制备的聚苯胺的单分子导线,有潜力应用在新型的电子或光电子器件上。此外,该复合物因为其独特性质很可能在燃料电池的聚合物电解质膜、湿度传感器、电流变材料以及电化学电容器等方面得到应用。     

Radiation-induced emulsion polymerization of ethylene. IV. Effect of pressure,temperature, and additives on rate in connection with number of polymer particles

The effects of pressure, temperature, and additives on the rate of radiation-induced emulsion polymerization of ethylene with FC-143 as emulsifier were studied kinetically. The rate of polymerization was proportional to the 2.5 power of ethylene fugacity, and the apparent rate constant (rate of polymerization/2.5 power of ethylene fugacity) was constant below 78°C. Above this temperature, the rate constant decreased with an apparent activation energy of ?8.2 kcal/mole. These facts can be interpreted in connection with the polymer structure and the change of rate of escape of radicals from the polymer structure and the change of rate of escape of radicals from the polymer particle into the aqueous phase. The rate of polymerization decreased on addition of a series of n-aliphatic alcohols due to the chain-transfer reaction and consequent escape of radicals to the aqueous phase. On the other hand, the addition of tert-butyl alcohol increased the rate of polymerization, probably because of its effect in increasing swelling of the polymer particles. Addition of electrolytes increased the rate of polymeriaztion as a result of the increase of the number of polymer particles.     

Synthesis and electrorheological characterization of emulsion-polymerized dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid doped polyaniline-based suspensions

The electrorheological (ER) properties of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) doped polyaniline suspensions in silicone oil were investigated. In contrast to chemically polymerized polyaniline in an acidic aqueous medium by oxidation polymerization, we adopted an emulsion polymerization technique in which aniline is polymerized in an emulsion of water and a nonpolar (or weakly polar) organic solvent. The effects of electric field strength and particle concentration on the ER properties of DBSA-doped polyaniline suspensions in silicone oil were then examined. Rheological measurements were also carried out using a rotational rheometer with a high-voltage generator in both controlled shear rate and shear stress modes, and the results showed that the ER properties were enhanced by increasing the particle concentration and electric field. Received: 23 August 1999 Accepted: 6 April 2000     

共聚物酸掺杂接枝聚苯胺的研究

采用核壳乳液聚合方法合成了以甲基丙酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸和丙烯酸丁酯三元共聚物酸为核,聚苯胺为壳的导电高分子复合物。复合物的电导率随着聚苯胺含量的增加而升高。用粒径分析仪、ＴＥＭ、ＦＴ－ＩＲ和ＤＳＣ对复合材料进行了表征。结果表明形成了核壳结构,由于共聚物酸起到了掺杂剂的作用,使制得的复合物能在环己酮、四氢呋喃等普通有机溶剂中有好的溶解性。     

Synthesis of nanostructured polyaniline via chemical oxidative polymerization: Investigation of morphology and conductivity of the prepared polymers

In this study, nanostructure polyaniline was prepared from aniline monomer via chemical oxidative polymerization in the presence of ammonium persulfate as an oxidizing agent. Interfacial, emulsion, rapid mixing and ultrasonic techniques are used for polymer synthesis. In the interfacial method, chloroform, n-hexane, hexanole and toluene were used as organic solvents and sulfuric acid, methane sulfonic acid and acetic acid were employed as electrolyte solutions. In the emulsion polymerization, dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid and aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid were used as emulsion agent and electrolyte solution respectively. In rapid mixing reaction and ultrasonic method, hydrochloric acid and salicylic acid were used as dopants. The structure, conductivity, morphology and particle size distribution of prepared polymers were investigated after purification and drying by FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and electrical conductivity measurements.     

New renewable resource amphiphilic molecular design for size-controlled and highly ordered polyaniline nanofibers

We demonstrate here, for the first time, a unique strategy for conducting polyaniline nanofibers based on renewable resources. Naturally available cardanol, which is an industrial waste and main pollutant from the cashew nut industry, is utilized for producing well-defined polyaniline nanofibers. A new amphiphilic molecule is designed and developed from cardanol, which forms a stable emulsion with aniline for a wide composition range in water (1:1 to 1:100 dopant/aniline mole ratio) to produce polyaniline nanofibers. The scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis of the nanofibers reveals that the dopant/aniline ratio plays a major role in determining the shape and size of polyaniline nanofibers. The nanofiber length increases with the increase in the dopant/aniline ratio, and perfectly linear, well-defined nanofibers of lengths as long as 7-8 muM were produced. The amphiphilic dopant has a built-in head-to-tail geometry and effectively penetrates into the polyaniline chains to form highly organized nanofibers. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WXRD) spectra of the nanofibers showed a new peak at 2theta = 6.3 (d spacing = 13.9 A) corresponding to the three-dimensional solid-state ordering of polyaniline-dopant chains, and this peak intensity increases with increase in the nanofiber length. The comparison of morphology and WXRD reveals that high ordering in polyaniline chains results in the formation of long, well-defined nanofibers, and this direct correlation for the polyaniline nanofibers with solid-state ordering has been established. The conductivity of the polyaniline nanofibers also increases with increase in the solid-state ordering rather than increasing with the extent of doping. The polyaniline nanofibers are freely soluble in water and possess high environmental and thermal stability up to 300 degrees C for various applications.     

掺杂聚苯胺能带结构和导电机理的研究

用EHMO-CO方法对质子掺杂聚苯胺进行了模型化理论计算,得到与吸收光谱实验数据一致的能带结构,研究表明,掺杂苯胺中的载流子是极化子,能满意地解释掺杂聚苯胺的导电机制。