含噁二唑大环冠醚的合成、 结构及金属离子识别性能

合成了含有1,3,4-噁二唑基团的大环冠醚: 2,3,11,12-二苯并-4,7,10,16-四氧-14,15-二氮杂双环[11.2.1]-十六烷-13,15-二烯(2)、 2,3,14,15-二苯并-4,7,10,13,19-五氧-17,18-二氮杂双环[14.2.1]-十九烷-16,18-二烯(3)和2,3,17,18-二苯并-4,7,10,13,16,22-六氧-20,21-二氮杂双环[17.2.1]-二十二烷-19,21-二烯(4), 并培养得到其单晶; 通过核磁共振波谱、 高分辨质谱及X射线单晶衍射对其结构进行了表征. 结果表明, 冠醚2属正交晶系, Pna2₁空间群; 冠醚3属于单斜晶系, C2/c空间群; 冠醚4属正交晶系, Pbca空间群. 在3个主体化合物中均存在分子间氢键和π-π相互作用将分子连接成三维空间结构. 采用荧光光谱测定了开链冠醚2,5-二[2-(2-甲氧乙氧基)苯基]-1,3,4-噁二唑(1)和不同环空腔大小的噁二唑冠醚(2~4)对金属离子Li ⁺, Na ⁺, K ⁺, Rb ⁺, Mg ²⁺和Ca ²⁺的键合行为. 研究结果表明, 开链冠醚1和冠醚4对碱土金属Mg ²⁺和Ca ²⁺表现出荧光猝灭行为, 且对Ca ²⁺表现出良好的键合能力和选择性; 而冠醚2对Na ⁺和K ⁺表现出良好的键合能力, 但其Na ⁺/K ⁺的选择性较差.     

对-氯甲基苯乙烯共聚物引发合成接枝共聚物

接枝共聚物含有性质差别很大的主链和支链,具有许多特殊的性质,因而一直是人们感兴趣的研究课题之一^[1～5].原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)^[6,7]的问世,为接枝共聚物的合成提供了一条新的途径.本文用对-氯甲基苯乙烯和其它乙烯基单体自由基共聚.     

用激基缔合物荧光研究聚苯乙烯-聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯嵌段共聚物在溶液中的分子构型

聚苯乙烯在溶液中的激基缔合物荧光被发现以来一直引起人们的兴趣^{[ 1, 2]}. 聚苯乙烯激基缔合作用主要与处于基态的苯环层叠对的形成有密切关系. 其形成方式主要有(1)符合n= 3规则的相邻苯环间的相互作用.(2)主链上非相邻苯环间由于链段的卷曲而相互作用.(3)分属于不同主链上的苯环相互贯穿时的相互作用. 由于激基缔合作用是近程作用, 因此利用它研究聚合物线团在稀溶液的变化及由稀溶液到浓溶液的变化是十分有效的^{[ 3]}. 嵌段聚合物在形成胶束时, 一种聚合物分子链段形成核, 在核内大分子链段相互缠结, 相互贯穿. 而另一种聚合物分子链段形成壳, 其链段较为舒展. 因此利用激基缔合物荧光技术研究分子链段在核内的变化也应是十分有效的. 本文研究聚苯乙烯-聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯嵌段共聚物体系。     

苯甲酸及其酯类衍生物的分子印迹机理的研究

分子印迹聚合物(M IP)是一种具有分子识别能力的新型高分子材料^[1～3].对其研究的重要问题之一是如何获得对相应模板化合物具有特异性结合的聚合物,这除了受模板分子结构特征的影响外,同时在很大程度上还受各种聚合物制备条件的影响,比如功能单体^[4～6]、溶剂^[7]及辅助金属离子的影响^[8]等.我们成功地通过计算模板分子与功能单体间的相互作用,预测了一些模板分子的印迹原性(产生印迹效应的性质)的强弱^[9],同时对几十种小分子化合物的分子印迹原性与结构之间的关系进行了讨论^[10].本文以苯甲酸、对氨基苯甲酸、对羟基苯甲酸及其酯的衍生物(结构见下式)为模板,在不同的功能单体和溶剂体系中制备了相应的分子印迹聚合物,研究了模板分子中不同取代功能基的印迹作用的相对强弱,探讨了功能基的印迹作用强弱与聚合反应体系溶剂极性间的相关性.     

刚性链嵌段共聚物的研究(I)——聚醚醚酮-聚醚砜嵌段共聚物结构与性能

本文以聚醚醚酮(PEEK)和聚醚砜(PES)齐聚物为原料,通过溶液缩聚法制备PEEK-PES嵌段共聚物,并用DSC、TGA、WAXD和动态粘弹谱等手段对其相容性、结晶行为、动态力学性能和热性能进行了研究.结果表明,嵌段共聚物在PEEK链段M_n=1×10⁴,PES链段M_n)=3500～250(PES含量为25.0%～2.9%)组成范围内不产生微相分离,保持了结晶性能,其玻璃化转变温度比纯PEEK提高将近20℃,并具有较好的高温力学性能.     

XRD谱研究扩散控制的固-固相反应

很多分子固体和低维固体在室温或低热温度条件下可发生固相反应^[1,2],甚至可以在短时间内完成^[3,4].我们已成功地用低热固相合成法合成了200多个化合物,其中大多数为结构新颖的原子簇化合物^[5～7].     

四(4-重氮基苯基)卟啉的合成及其与聚苯乙烯磺酸钠自组装的研究

卟啉是一类重要的功能性小分子染料,近年来,在光化学治疗^[1,2]、光电转换^[3,4]、传感元件^[5]、烯烃环氧化催化剂^[6]和光敏化剂^[7]等方面的研究与应用引起了人们的广泛注意.通过两亲卟啉分子衍生物,或带有负电荷的卟啉衍生物,特别是带磺酸基的卟啉分子与正离子聚电解质自组装,制备带有卟啉结构单元的LB膜和自组装膜已有很多报道^[8～14].     

小分子玉米肽Leu-Asp-Tyr-Glu保护线粒体抗氧化损伤的研究

线粒体是细胞内氧代谢的主要场所,其膜上富含不饱和脂肪酸,使得线粒体成为自由基进攻的主要靶部位^[1].自由基作用于线粒体膜发生脂质过氧化损伤反应,引起膜的结构与功能改变,使得膜上一系列重要的酶空间排列紊乱,活性降低,膜的通透性改变,诱发多种疾病^[2].目前,抗氧化肽类作为一种非酶类自由基清除剂的研究正在兴起^[3].来源于玉米醇溶蛋白酶降解物中的低分子量肽具有许多重要的生理功能,如促进乙醇代谢、抗疲劳作用以及降血脂等功效^[4].而这些功能的实现主要依赖于其抗氧化活性^[5].最近,我们从玉米蛋白酶解物中获得了一种新的小分子抗氧化肽Leu-Asp-Tyr-Glu(LD YE,LD YE经文献检索为一种新的寡肽)^[6].     

利用x射线衍射法测定不同序列的聚苯乙烯-聚环氧乙烷嵌段共聚物的结晶度和晶粒大小

PSt-PEO嵌段共聚物,由于其PSt链段的亲油性及无定形性,PEO链段亲水性及结晶性所具有的两重性质^[1],使得它们在理论研究及实际应用上都具有较大的意义。但对其结晶度及晶粒大小的测定还不曾见报导。     

掺杂态聚苯胺蜂窝状有序多孔薄膜的制备及形成机制的探讨

近年来,由于微米、亚微米及纳米级有序多孔结构薄膜可以用于催化、生物培养基材、分离或吸附介质、光子晶体等诸多方面从而引起了科学家们极大的研究兴趣^[1～6].微制作是使材料表面具有新性能的重要手段,激光刻蚀及其相关技术已经被应用于不同表面的微图案化和微器件的制作^[7],另外,还可通过自组装技术进行多孔薄膜的制备^[8,9].Francois等^[10]于1994年首次提出了水辅助方法(Water-A ssisted Fab-rication),即在高湿度的环境下,以冷凝水滴为模板,在固体基片上制备了孔径分布均一,排列紧密的蜂窝状有序多孔薄膜.继而人们对此方法做了进一步的研究,不仅突破了最初的聚苯乙烯及其共聚物体系^[10～13],而且使用双亲共聚物^[14]、聚离子复合物^[15]和TiO₂前驱体的混合物^[16]等成功地获得了蜂窝状有序多孔薄膜,同时系统地研究了成膜体系及成膜条件对形成蜂窝状有序多孔薄膜的影响,并对形成机制进行了探讨.聚苯胺是典型的导电高分子,有关聚苯胺有序多孔结构薄膜的研究已有报道^[17～19].本文采用水辅助方法,在高湿度环境下,使用4-十二烷基苯磺酸掺杂的聚苯胺(PANI-DBSA)为成膜材料,制备了双层蜂窝状有序多孔薄膜,并通过原子力显微镜(A FM)对薄膜的形貌和电学性质进行了表征.同时在已有成膜机制的基础上,提出了该双层蜂窝状有序多孔薄膜的形成机制.     

CRYSTALLIZATION OF BLENDS OF AN ASYMMETRIC POLY（OXYETHYLENE）-b-POLY（OXYBUTYLENE） BLOCK COPOLYMER WITH POLY（OXYBUTYLENE）

An oxyethylene/oxybutylene block copolymer with asymmetric volume fraction (E115B103) was blended with oxybutylene homopolymer (Bh) at different volume fractions of the block (φE). Crystallization behavior of the blends was studied and was compared with that of the blends from a symmetric block copolymer (E114B56). It was found that the crystallization temperature of E115B103/B28 blend is lower than that of the blends from symmetric block copolymer. For the blend with φE= 0.30 breakout crystallization with an Avrami exponent n ≈ 3.0 is observed. At φE = 0.22 the blend exhibits a variable crystallization behavior: confined crystallization with n ≈ 1.0 at lower crystallization temperatures but breakout crystallization at high crystallization temperatures. For the blend with φE = 0.14 and sphere morphology confined crystallization occurs at all crystallization temperatures studied. When compared with the blends from symmetric block copolymer, confined crystallization occurs more easily in the E115B103/B28 blends. The SAXS results agree with the isothermal crystallization kinetics. Deformation of the confined crystalline block is observed in the blend with φE = 0.14 and mixed lamellar and cylinder morphologies in the blend with φE = 0.22.     

Isothermal and nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of novel biobased poly(ethylene succinate-<Emphasis Type="Italic">co</Emphasis>-ethylene sebacate) copolymers from the amorphous state

In this work, the isothermal and nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of three novel biobased poly(ethylene succinate-co-ethylene sebacate) (PESSe) copolymers was systematically investigated with differential scanning calorimetry under different crystallization conditions from the amorphous state. For the isothermal cold crystallization kinetics study, the Avrami equation could well describe the crystallization process of PESSe at various crystallization temperatures. All three PESSe copolymers crystallized through the same crystallization mechanism; moreover, the overall isothermal cold crystallization rate of PESSe decreased with increasing ethylene sebacate (ESe) comonomer content. The nonisothermal cold crystallization kinetics of PESSe was also studied at different heating rates. With increasing ESe content or heating rate, the nonisothermal cold crystallization exotherm of PESSe copolymers shifted to high temperature range. Both the crystallization rate parameter and crystallization rate coefficient of PESSe copolymers decreased with increasing ESe content, indicating that PESSe copolymer with higher ESe content crystallized more slowly than that with lower ESe content. The Ozawa equation was used to analyze the nonisothermal cold crystallization kinetics of PESSe copolymers, which was found to fit the crystallization process very well.     

聚丙烯结晶行为的PVT研究

通过受限液体PVT测量技术对等规聚丙烯的结晶行为进行了研究,采用PVT等压测量模式描述了不同压力场下半结晶聚合物的结晶过程.结果表明,随着压力的升高,等规聚丙烯分子链间的相互作用增强,使得等规聚丙烯分子链段更容易排入晶格中,这是结晶温度和结晶速度升高的主要因素.通过对数据拟合,建立了压力对等规聚丙烯结晶过程参数的影响公式.对Jeziorny结晶动力学模型进行改进,并研究了压力对等规聚丙烯结晶动力学的影响,结果发现,当结晶度大于0.08时,结晶动力学拟合曲线呈较好的线性,分析结果可以对结晶过程的变化机理进行合理地预测,在小于200 MPa压力环境下,等规聚丙烯的结晶生长方式仍是球晶生长模式,晶体的生长符合二维片晶生长方式,自由体积的减小是结晶速率加快的主要原因之一.     

A Study on Improving the Crystallization Rate of Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate)

In this study, sodium benzoate was selected as the nucleating agent to improve the crystallization rate of Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) (PET). A new polyester, PEAT, which was systhesized from Bis Hydroxy-Ethyl Terephthalate (BHET) and adipic acid, was blended with PET to improve the (crystallization) rate of PET at lower temperatures. The crystallization rate of the PET blends was measured with a DSC and the kinetics of crystallization were studied. It was found that the range of the crystallization temperatures for the PET/sodium benzoate blends was wider than that for the PET/PEAT blends which shifted to a lower temperature region. PEAT showed a pronounced effect on the crystallization rate at lower temperatures, while sodium benzoate effected the crystallization rate within the entire range of crystallization temperatures.     

Crystallisation of polypropylene matrix in composites filled with wooden parts of rapeseed straw

Nucleation ability of native and modified rapeseed straw during the polypropylene crystallization from the melt was investigated by the DSC method. Composites were made from isotactic polypropylene and lignocellulosic material using extrusion and injection moulding techniques. They were obtained using polypropylenes differing with respect to melt flow rates and different varieties of rapeseed straw. Chemical modification was carried out in two stages: through mercerisation and treatment with acetic acid anhydride. In the course of investigations, it was found that both native and modified rapeseed straw acted as an active nucleant of polypropylene crystallisation characterised by low values of MFR indices. It was found that for polypropylenes with high MFR values, the values of crystallization temperatures and crystallization half-time in composites were identical when compared with non-filled polymers. The investigations demonstrated that there were insignificant differences among composites containing straw from different varieties of rapeseed. The analysis of crystallization temperatures confirmed that rapeseed straw modification failed to change this parameter of the crystallization process. A similar tendency was observed in the case of changes of the half-time crystallization process. Moreover, the analysis of the crystallization temperature and crystallization half-time showed that the presence in composites of lignified rapeseed straw particles played an important role in the crystallization conditions.     

聚十二烷二元酸丁二酯及其共聚酯的结晶行为研究

聚十二烷二元酸丁二酯是长碳链脂肪族聚酯中的一种新的聚合物材料．近年来，随着对环境问题的日益重视，利用脂肪族聚酯容易水解的特性，开发生物降解脂肪族聚酯材料的研究得到广泛开展．目前脂肪族二元酸酯的研究大多是围绕聚丁二酸酯、聚乙二酸酯及其共聚酯这一类降解速度较快的材料进行的．虽然这些聚酯已有部分商品化，但远远不能满足对特定降解速率材料的需求．长碳链脂肪族聚酯由于其具有类似PE的结构特征，又兼具聚酯的结构特征，有望在可降解包装材料、书籍装订、服装用热熔胶等方面获得广泛的应用．     

Effect of Electron Beam Irradiation on the Kinetics of Non-isothermal Crystallization of Nylon 66

The non-isothermal crystallization kinetics was studied by differential scanning calorimetric analysis on nylon 66 and e-beam irradiated nylon 66 at different cooling rates. The Modified Avrami equation, the Ozawa equation and the Combined Avrami-Ozawa equation were applied to study the kinetics of non-isothermal crystallization of nylon 66. The crystallization behavior of pristine nylon 66 polymer was compared with that of e-beam irradiated nylon 66 and observed that the kinetics of non-isothermal crystallization of nylon66 was affected largely upon e-beam irradiation. E-beam irradiation not only decreased the crystallization temperature of nylon 66, but influenced the mechanism of nucleation and crystal growth and reduced the overall crystallization rate of nylon 66 also. The crystallization activation energy calculated by the Kissinger method for irradiated nylon 66 was lower than that of pristine nylon 66.     

单轴取向聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯非等温结晶动力学研究

采用等速升温DSC方法对单轴取向聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯 (PET)的结晶过程进行了研究 ,发现单轴取向PET的冷结晶峰表现为多重结晶峰 .等温DSC方法的研究结果进一步证实结晶重峰的存在 .为此 ,本文提出了一种依据非等温DSC曲线解析高聚物结晶动力学参数的新方法 .对单轴取向PET的研究结果表明 ,与其他方法相比较 ,由新方法计算出的理论曲线与实验数据能更好地吻合 .单轴取向PET的总的结晶过程由三个子结晶过程组成 .根据不同拉伸比 ,各个子过程的Avrami指数和质量分数的变化 ,对结晶机理进行了解释 .与各向同性PET样品相比 ,单轴取向PET在低温部分的结晶速率明显增快     

Crystallization behavior of dynamically cured polypropylene/epoxy blends

Dynamically cured polypropylene (PP)/epoxy blends compatibilized with maleic anhydride grafted PP were prepared by the curing of an epoxy resin during melt mixing with molten PP. The morphology and crystallization behavior of dynamically cured PP/epoxy blends were studied with scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and polarized optical microscopy. Dynamically cured PP/epoxy blends, with the structure of epoxy particles finely dispersed in the PP matrix, were obtained, and the average diameter of the particles slightly increased with increasing epoxy resin content. In a study of the nonisothermal crystallization of PP and PP/epoxy blends, crystallization parameter analysis showed that epoxy particles could act as effective nucleating agents, accelerating the crystallization of the PP component in the PP/epoxy blends. The isothermal crystallization kinetics of PP and dynamically cured PP/epoxy blends were described by the Avrami equation. The results showed that the Avrami exponent of PP in the blends was higher than that of PP, and the crystallization rate was faster than that of PP. However, the crystallization rate decreased when the epoxy resin content was greater than 20 wt %. The crystallization thermodynamics of PP and dynamically cured PP/epoxy blends were studied according to the Hoffman theory. The chain folding energy for PP crystallization in dynamically cured PP/epoxy blends decreased with increasing epoxy resin content, and the minimum of the chain folding energy was observed at a 20 wt % epoxy resin content. The size of the PP spherulites in the blends was obviously smaller than that of PP. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 1181–1191, 2004     

丙酮诱导聚碳酸酯的结晶行为

在298 K, 采用液相丙酮或26.5 kPa蒸气压的气相丙酮, 对双酚A聚碳酸酯(BAPC)的液相或气相诱导结晶行为进行研究. 实验结果表明, 在诱导结晶的起始阶段, 非晶态BAPC结晶能力得到极大的提高. 气相诱导BAPC结晶的结晶速度和结晶度均低于液相诱导结晶的结果. 广角X射线衍射(WAXD)测试结果表明, 与BAPC热结晶样品相比, 丙酮液相或气相诱导BAPC结晶生成的晶体具有完善度低、晶粒尺寸小、熔点低, 而结晶度高的结构特点. 采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分别对液相或气相丙酮诱导BAPC结晶样品表面形态进行了观察, 研究了不同诱导机制下BAPC的结晶生成球晶的形态与机制.