计算机模拟研究聚合物纳米复合材料的分散与界面

针对聚合物纳米复合材料,系统综述了计算机模拟技术(分子动力学模拟)在纳米颗粒的分散与聚合物-纳米颗粒界面作用取得的成果与进展,包括不同形状纳米颗粒在聚合物基体的分散机理、相行为与微观结构、纳米颗粒对分子链构象的影响(分子链均方回转半径的变化)、分子链在纳米颗粒表面结构(取向与排列)、分子链与纳米颗粒界面作用能、界面区分子链活动性与纳米颗粒形成的网络结构.为构建聚合物纳米复合材料的组成、结构与性能之间的关系,提出了3个模拟方面的挑战,包括发展长时间跨尺度计算机模拟技术、建立准确模拟材料力学性能的方法与导电导热功能性的模拟.     

可控粒径及一维链状纳米Fe3O4的制备

采用氧化共沉淀相转化法, 控制适当的pH(9～11.5)和反应温度(20～100 ℃), 制备了不同粒径(20.6～45.0 nm)的纳米Fe₃O₄, 同时对纳米Fe₃O₄一维成链的影响因素进行了分析. 研究发现: 磁场强度和溶液的pH值对纳米Fe₃O₄一维成链有影响, 磁场强度在低于75 mT, pH值在9～11.5时, Fe₃O₄呈现一维链状排列, 且成链趋势随pH值的减小而增强. 纳米Fe₃O₄粒子的链状结构是由外部磁场和其表面电荷的协同效应影响的. 纳米Fe₃O₄均呈现出铁磁性行为, 一维链状纳米Fe₃O₄具有相对较大的矫顽力和剩磁.     

脉冲电沉积钯镍合金纳米颗粒及其甲酸电催化氧化

采用方波脉冲方法,在钯镍合金电解液中成功地电化学沉积出镍原子含量分别为12.0%、16.4%和22.6%的钯镍合金纳米颗粒.钯镍合金纳米颗粒为球状,粒径50~80 nm.随钯镍合金生长电位负移,合金的镍含量提高,其纳米颗粒大小基本相似但纳米颗粒数目增多,交联度提高和真实活性面积增大.钯镍合金纳米颗粒镍含量提高,在硫酸溶液中其氢弱吸附峰电流增大.钯镍合金纳米颗粒电极的甲酸电催化氧化活性较好,随合金纳米颗粒的镍含量提高和交联度增加,合金纳米颗粒电极的甲酸电催化氧化稳定性更高.     

脉冲电沉积Pd-Ni合金纳米颗粒及其甲酸电催化氧化

采用方波脉冲方法,在钯镍合金电解液中成功地电化学沉积出镍原子含量分别为12.0%、16.4%和22.6%的钯镍合金纳米颗粒. 钯镍合金纳米颗粒为球状,粒径50 ~ 80 nm. 随钯镍合金生长电位负移,合金的镍含量提高,其纳米颗粒大小基本相似但纳米颗粒数目增多,交联度提高和真实活性面积增大. 钯镍合金纳米颗粒镍含量提高,在硫酸溶液中其氢弱吸附峰电流增大. 钯镍合金纳米颗粒电极的甲酸电催化氧化活性较好,随合金纳米颗粒的镍含量提高和交联度增加,合金纳米颗粒电极的甲酸电催化氧化稳定性更高.     

Ni-B非晶态合金纳米粉末微电极上甲醇的电催化氧化

应用循环伏安法研究了碱性介质中Ni-B非晶态合金纳米粉末微电极上甲醇的电催化氧化.结果表明,Ni-B非晶态合金纳米粉末微电极表现出很高的甲醇氧化电催化活性,较之高择优取向(220)的镍电极,其氧化起始电位负移了0.04V;氧化电流密度约大2个数量级,根据稳态极化曲线测定,与高择优取向(220)镍电极相比较,在Ni-B非晶态合金纳米粉末微电极上,Ni(Ⅲ)与甲醇反应和Ni(Ⅱ)氧化为Ni(Ⅲ)及其逆反应的速率常数依次约大2个、3个和3个数量级.     

柠檬酸盐法合成钙钛矿型复合氧化物纳米固体材料LaFeO_3

纳米固体材料(或称毫微晶材料)是近几年发展起来的新兴材料,这是由尺寸为纳米数量级(通常粒径<10～15 nm)的微晶颗粒聚集而成的块状或者薄膜人工固体,其原子排列状态既不同于传统的晶态、非晶态,又不同于尺寸为纳米数量级的超微粒,其结构特点使该材料具有与传统材料极不相同的特殊性能,已引起世界各国科学家的高度重视,但是由于     

金纳米颗粒周围水的结构和动力学性质的分子动力学模拟

采用经典的分子动力学模拟方法系统地研究了在常温条件下金纳米颗粒周围水的结构与动力学性质. 结果表明, 水分子在纳米颗粒附近形成了明显的多层结构. 同时随着径向距离的减小, 水分子的空间取向也从无序排列趋向于有序排列. 通过分析界面处不同水层中的均方位移及停留时间分布, 发现紧贴颗粒表面的第一和第二水层中的水分子表现出很低的扩散系数, 而第三和第四水层中的水分子则能够轻易地离开界面区域而进入主体相区域. 此外, 在界面处的每个水分子的氢键平均数要高于在主体相的平均值.     

一种复合熔融碳酸盐燃料电池基体阴极的制备和性质研究

采用电泳沉积技术将LiCoO2和CeO2两种纳米颗粒同时沉积至多孔镍基阴极表面,获得一种新型复合基体阴极材料——LiCoO2-CeO2-Ni。研究了其在模拟熔融碳酸盐燃料电池(MCFC)工作条件下的形变/溶解行为,并对其实验前后的表面进行了详细分析。结果表明,与传统多孔镍基阴极相比,新基体阴极材料在模拟MCFC启动及运行条件下形变微小,镍溶出速率低。材料表面所修饰的纳米颗粒薄层对镍基体包覆致密且与之形成稳定新相,从而有效抑制了材料的形变和溶解。     

一种制备镍纳米颗粒的新方法

通过超声照射使2-乙基己酸镍和金属钠在液体石蜡中发生置换反应, 成功地制备了具有六方晶型结构的表面修饰镍纳米颗粒, 并采用多种现代分析手段如TEM、ED、XRD、XPS和TG对所制备的产品进行结构、形貌和热稳定性能的表征. 结果表明, 所制得的镍纳米颗粒粒径较小, 分布范围在7～43 nm之间, 并有着良好的热稳定性能.     

负载型纳米镍铈催化剂的表征及其选择性催化加氢活性(英文)

采用氢电弧等离子体法制备了具有储氢性能的镍铈纳米颗粒,通过扫描电镜、透射电镜、X光电子能谱、X射线粉末衍射、程序升温还原等手段对比表征了氧化铝负载的纳米镍铈催化剂和工业用负载镍催化剂,并以裂解汽油一段加氢反应为模型反应研究了它们的催化性能.研究结果表明,纳米镍铈催化剂的催化活性和储氢性能与催化剂表面的镍铈合金有关,负载性纳米镍铈催化剂的优良选择性与其特殊的制备方法有关.     

Facile Synthesis of A 3D Flower‐Like Mesoporous Ni@C Composite Material for High‐Energy Aqueous Asymmetric Supercapacitors

A 3D flower‐like mesoporous Ni@C composite material has been synthesized by using a facile and economical one‐pot hydrothermal method. This unique 3D flower‐like Ni@C composite, which exhibited a high surface area (522.4 m² g^?1), consisted of highly dispersed Ni nanoparticles on mesoporous carbon flakes. The effect of calcination temperature on the electrochemical performance of the Ni@C composite was systematically investigated. The optimized material (Ni@C 700) displayed high specific capacity (1306 F g^?1 at 2 A g^?1) and excellent cycling performance (96.7 % retention after 5000 cycles). Furthermore, an asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) that contained Ni@C 700 as cathode and mesoporous carbon (MC) as anode demonstrated high energy density (60.4 W h kg^?1 at a power density of 750 W kg^?1).     

Determination of Water Diffusion Coefficients and Dynamics in Adhesive/Carbon Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Resin Composite Joints

To determinate the water diffusion coefficients and dynamics in adhesive/carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin composite joints,energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis(EDX)is used to establish the content change of oxygen in the adhesive in adhesive/carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin composite joints.As water is made up of oxygen and hydrogen,the water diffusion coefficients and dynamics in adhesive/carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin composite joints can be obtained from the change in the content of oxygen in the adhesive during humidity aging,via EDX analysis.The authors have calculated the water diffusion coefficients and dynamics in the adhesive/carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin composite joints with the aid of both energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and elemental analysis.The determined results with EDX analysis are almost the same as those determined with elemental analysis and the results also show that the durability of the adhesive/carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin composite joints subjected to silane coupling agent treatment is better than those subjected to sand paper burnishing treatment and chemical oxidation treatment.     

Preparation and characterization of functionalized graphene oxide/carbon fiber/epoxy nanocomposites

Graphene oxide (GO) was functionalized using three different diamines, namely ethylenediamine (EDA), 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS) and p-phenylenediamine (PPD) to reinforce an epoxy adhesive, with the aim of improving the bonding strength of carbon fiber/epoxy composite. The chemical structure of the functionalized GO (FGO) nanosheets was characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR and XRD. Hand lay-up, as a simple method, was applied for 3-ply composite fabrication. In the sample preparation, the fiber-to-resin ratio of 40:60 (w:w) and fiber orientations of 0°, 90°, and 0° were used. The GO and FGO nanoparticles were first dispersed in the epoxy resin, and then the GO and FGO reinforced epoxy (GO- or FGO-epoxy) were directly introduced into the carbon fiber layers to improve the mechanical properties. The GO and FGO contents varied in the range of 0.1–0.5 wt%. Results showed that the mechanical properties, in terms of tensile and flexural properties, were mainly dependent on the type of GO functionalization followed by the percentage of modified GO. As a result, both the tensile and flexural strengths are effectively enhanced by the FGOs addition. The tensile and flexural moduli are also increased by the FGO filling in the epoxy resin due to the excellent elastic modulus of FGO. The optimal FGO content for effectively improving the overall composite mechanical performance was found to be 0.3 wt%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the failure mechanism of carbon fibers pulled out from the epoxy matrix contributed to the enhancement of the mechanical performance of the epoxy. These results show that diamine FGOs can strengthen the interfacial bonding between the carbon fibers and the epoxy adhesive.     

Preparation,flame retardancy,and thermal degradation of epoxy thermosets modified with phosphorous/nitrogen‐containing glycidyl derivative

Phosphorus/nitrogen‐containing advanced epoxy resins were obtained by chain‐extension of the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A epoxy (DGEBA) resin with phosphorus‐modified triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGICP). The structure of TGICP was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Differential scanning calorimetry revealed that the EP/TGICP composites possessed higher glass transition temperatures than that of phosphorus free EP. The thermal stability and flame retardant properties of the epoxy resin/TGICP systems were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI), and vertical burning test (UL‐94) test. When the TGICP content was 10 wt%, the LOI value of epoxy resin system was as high as 35.0% and it can obtain the V‐0 grade in UL‐94 protocol. From microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC) measurement, it was found that the addition of TGICP reduced the value of peak heat release rate and total heat release. The thermal degradation process of EP and EP/TGICP composite was monitored by real time FTIR. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to explore the morphology and chemical components of the char residues. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Epoxy‐based composite adhesives: Effect of hybrid fillers on thermal conductivity,rheology, and lap shear strength

Thermal management is an important parameter in an electronic packaging application. In this work, three different types of fillers such as natural graphite powder (Gr) of 50‐μm particle size, boron nitride powder (h‐BN) of 1‐μm size, and silver flakes (Ag) of 10‐μm particle size were used for thermal conductivity enhancement of neat epoxy resin. The thermal properties, rheology, and lap shear strength of the neat epoxy and its composite were investigated. The analysis showed that the loading of different wt% of Gr‐based fillers can effectively increase the thermal conductivity of the epoxy resin. It has also been observed that the thermal conductivity of the hybrid filler (Gr/h‐BN/Ag) reinforced epoxy adhesive composite increased six times greater than that of neat epoxy resin composite. Further, the viscosity of hybrid filler reinforced epoxy resin was found to be increased as compared with its virgin counterpart. The adhesive composite with optimized filler content was then subsequently subjected to determine single lap shear strength. The degree of filler dispersion and alignment in the matrix were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis.     

Competitive absorption of epoxy monomers on carbon nanotube: A molecular simulation study

Position restrained (PR) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out on the bulk models for the two composite systems including epoxy monomers and carbon nanotube (CNT). The pair energies and the radial distribution functions (RDFs) were computed to evaluate the relative strength of the epoxy monomers binding to the CNT. It is found that the aromatic amine binds more strongly to the CNT than does the aliphatic amine. A vivid view indicates the aromatic rings tend to form π‐stacking with the CNT, and the compounds with aromatic rings prefer to wrap the CNT. These simulated results are in good agreement with those obtained previously from the vacuum models. This work demonstrates that curing agents affect the interactions between epoxy resin and CNT. Other comparisons of relative binding strength of epoxy monomers also depend upon the temperature. Further analyses suggest that the aliphatic amine exhibits more strong interactions with epoxy resin than does the aromatic amine, mainly due to the presence of hydrogen bonds (HBs) between them. Thus, the ultimate performance of epoxy‐CNT polymer nanocomposites should be affected by the two reverse interactions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011.     

MOFs-derived hierarchical porous carbon confining the monodisperse Ni and defective WOx for efficient and stable hydrogenolysis of cellulose to ethylene glycol

The one-pot catalytic conversion of cellulose into ethylene glycol (EG) is an attractive way of biomass utilization. However, low-cost, efficient, and stable catalysts are the premise and research challenges of industrial application. Herein, the magnetic recyclable W–Ni@C catalyst was synthesized by in-situ pyrolysis of Ni-MOFs impregnated with ammonium metatungstate. Compared with the Ni-W bimetallic catalysts prepared by the impregnation method and the sol–gel method, the W–Ni@C catalyst for cellulose hydrogenolysis reaction can achieve a higher ethylene glycol yield (67.1% vs 43.3% and 42.6%) and 100% of cellulose conversion rate. The uniformly dispersed Ni nanoparticles and abundant defective WO_x were formed in a reductive atmosphere generated in pyrolysis of Ni-MOFs, which was indispensable for the hydrogenolysis of cellulose into EG. Besides, the hierarchical porous carbon derived from organic ligands in Ni-MOFs reduces the mass transfer resistance while confining Ni nanoparticles and WO_x to prevent their leaching, effectively enhancing the stability of the W–Ni@C catalyst. Therefore, the remarkable catalytic performance, the simple and effective recovery method as well as satisfying stability would make W–Ni@C become a promising catalyst for the conversion of cellulose to EG.

Graphical abstract

     

Effect of electrospun polyamide 6 nanofibres on the mechanical properties of a glass fibre/epoxy composite

Recently, several types of nanoparticles are frequently incorporated in reinforced epoxy resin composites. A homogeneous dispersion of these nanoparticles is still a problem. Thermoplastic nanofibrous structures can tackle this dispersion issue. Therefore, this paper investigated the effect of electrospun polyamide 6 nanofibrous structures on the mechanical properties of a glass fibre/epoxy composite. The nanofibres were incorporated in the glass fibre/epoxy composite as stand-alone interlayered structures and directly spun on the glass fibre reinforcement. Both ways of nanofibre incorporation have no negative effect on the impregnation of the epoxy. Moreover, the nanofibres remain well dispersed within the matrix. Incorporation of nanofibres increases the stress at failure in the 0°-direction, the best results are obtained when the nanofibres are directly electrospun onto the glass fibres. Optical microscopic images also demonstrate that nanofibres prevent delamination when a 90° crack reaches a neighbouring 0° ply. Furthermore, mode I tests showed a small improvement when a thin nanofibrous structure is deposited directly onto the glass fibres. When the composites are loaded under 45°, it is proven that, for an identical stress, the glass fibre composite with deposited nanofibres has less cracks than when interlayered nanofibrous structures are incorporated. Generally, it can be concluded that the addition of polyamide 6 nanofibres improves some mechanical characteristics of a glass fibre/epoxy composite.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticle Modified 3-Aminophenol Resin Microspheres with Application for Determination of Carcinoembryonic Antigens by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering

Uniform phenolic resin microspheres were prepared by the polycondensation of 3-aminophenol and formaldehyde. On the surface of the 3-aminophenol resin microspheres, silver nanoparticles were synthesized in situ and immobilized by simple heating. The composite was employed as a substrate for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The SERS enhancement factor was evaluated using 4-mercaptobenzoic acid and Nile blue A as signal molecules. A highly sensitive SERS immunoassay that combined labeled antibody conjugated silver nanoparticle modified 3-aminophenol resin microspheres and coating antibody conjugated magnetic nanoparticles was fabricated to determine carcinoembryonic antigen. A linear relationship was obtained between the Raman intensity and the concentration of carcinoembryonic antigen. The limit of detection was 1.2 picograms per milliliter at a signal-to-noise ratio of three. This is believed to be the first report of a SERS immunoassay using silver nanoparticle modified 3-aminophenol resin microspheres as substrates.     

Epoxy/Silica Nanocomposites: Nanoparticle‐Induced Cure Kinetics and Microstructure

This study reveals the influence of silica nanoparticles on the cure reactions of a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A epoxy resin. As soon as the silica nanoparticles are added to the neat resin (1, 3, and 5 vol.‐%), the total degree of conversion increases with an increasing amount of nanoparticles, and the cure reaction shows a more complex autocatalytic behaviour, which can not be described by a traditional kinetic model. Results from subsequent thermo‐mechanical analyses confirm an alteration in the microstructure attributable only to the presence of the nanoparticles in the curing stage. An amino‐rich interphase around the reactive treated particles is formed, which shifts the resin/hardener ratio, and benefits the homopolymerization of the epoxy and leads to a more highly crosslinked epoxy network. At the same time, the nanophase consists of a core‐shell structure with the rigid particle inside and a rubber‐like shell because of the excess hardener in this region.

TEM image of two neighboring silica nanoparticles in the epoxy matrix showing a 2–3 nm altered interphase region.