相似系统理论用于中药色谱指纹图谱的相似度评价

研究了中药色谱指纹图谱相似度的评价方法,提出了改良的程度相似度的计算方法。以模拟数据和实验数据研究了相关系数、夹角余弦和改良程度相似度的优劣,发现相关系数和夹角余弦对数据的差异不够敏感,经预处理之后仍然不灵敏;采用改良的程度相似度可以反映数据的差异,因此可以将其用于评价中药色谱指纹图谱共有峰的相似度。     

相似系统理论定量评价中药材色谱指纹图谱的相似度

研究相似系统理论定量评价中药材提取物液相色谱指纹图谱的相似度。以相似系统理论对栀子药材提取物高效液相色谱指纹图谱的相似度评价,发现相似系统理论对数据的差异比较敏感,而且相似度的计算结果能够反映样品的相对差异。相似系统理论可以作为一种评价中药色谱指纹图谱相似度的新方法。     

色谱指纹图谱组合相似度的算法

色谱指纹图谱相似度是评价中药质量稳定性的有效手段之一,其中向量夹角余弦相似度应用最为广泛。但是当色谱峰面积分布范围宽时,夹角余弦对数据的差异响应不灵敏。以土茯苓色谱指纹图谱数据为实例证实了当两样本数据间比例相差较大时,夹角余弦相似度对共有峰和非共有峰响应的灵敏程度相差很大。组合相似度在共有峰的夹角余弦相似度基础上纳入了非共有峰的影响,分别计算非共有峰和共有峰对相似度的贡献,并以最大峰比例同态性为指标,确定非共有峰的合适权重。基于样本峰面积数据建立的组合相似度模型能灵敏地反映待测样本与参照样本内在成分的峰比例变化,适合衡量多个药材样本间的相似程度,已成为评价药材质量相似度的新方法。     

利用样本成分耗散物的非线性化学指纹图谱原理及相似度计算与评价

在恒温恒压条件下,以丙酮和样本中底物作为主要耗散物的不同成分的样本对非线性化学反应机理产生不同影响,从而引起反应体系电位-时间曲线形状不同变化为特征的B-Z化学振荡体系为例,就非线性化学指纹图谱原理进行了详细研究和讨论,并提出了计算非线性化学指纹图谱系统相似度的通用方法.利用系统相似度和欧氏距离、相关系数及夹角余弦对不同生产批次古汉养生精和18种其他样本的非线性化学指纹图谱的相似度进行了计算与分析.结果表明,相关系数和夹角余弦都不能用来作为评价非线性化指纹图谱相似度的指标.利用欧氏距离公式计算指纹图谱的非参数型相似度时,能正确反映指纹图谱的特征差异,但用其计算参数型相似度时,则有时不能正确反映样本非线性化学指纹图谱特征差异的相对程度.系统相似度能最真实反映样本指纹图谱之间差异程度,是4种相似度计算方法中最好的,可用于非线性化学指纹图谱相似度计算与评价.成功提出了一种经济、简便、易行和有效的鉴别样本真伪与评价其质量的科学方法.     

HPLC指纹图谱相似度研究

将HPLC指纹图谱看作多维空间内的向量,利用向量夹角余弦的基本公式计算两个指纹图谱间的相似度。用7个不同品种的金银花提取物的HPLC指纹图谱对计算方法进行了检验,结果表明相似度能较好地定量评价指纹图谱间的相似性,可应用于中药质量控制。     

双定性双定量相似度法评价银杏达莫注射液的高效液相色谱指纹图谱

建立了色谱指纹图谱的双定性双定量相似度评价法,并应用于银杏达莫注射液的高效液相色谱（HPLC）指纹图谱的评价。采用反相HPLC,以芦丁为参照物峰,确定了41个共有峰,建立了银杏达莫注射液的对照指纹图谱。以双定性相似度S和S′、双定量相似度C和P评价银杏达莫注射液的HPLC指纹图谱,分别考察在大峰缺失和小峰缺失两种情况下,4个相似度指标的变化特征。S能反映化学成分的分布比例,受大峰影响严重,无法反映小峰的丢失; S′对所有指纹峰等权,反映小峰缺失灵敏,二者构成双定性相似度。C能反映样品共有峰的总体含量,但受大峰影响严重,无法反映小峰的缺失; P对所有峰积分值等权,能较好地反映小峰的变动,二者构成双定量相似度。因此,由S与S′、C与P构成的双定性双定量相似度法能同时监测大峰和小峰的变动与缺失,能准确地解决色谱指纹图谱的宏观定性和定量评价问题。同时还提出了方向余弦作为对照指纹图谱的特征指纹的概念和分解相似度的概念,以此考察了各指纹峰对相似度贡献的大小及其在不同程度缺失时4种相似度的变化情况。所建立的HPLC对照指纹图谱可用于银杏达莫注射液的质量控制。     

一种基于DAD二极管阵列检测器技术的中药指纹图谱方法

用HPLC/DAD分别建立血府逐瘀口服液单波长指纹图谱和最大吸收指纹图谱, 对比两者峰数量和面积的变化情况, 采用药典委员会2004A版相似度软件评价两种方法的差异. 结果表明, 最大吸收指纹图谱比单波长指纹图谱或多波长指纹图谱更能全面地反映血府逐瘀口服液的色谱峰信息, 并且相似度结果差异明显. 该方法信息量大, 中药的整体性、宏观性及复杂性分析相适应.     

色谱指纹图谱在香精香料质量控制中的应用

烟用香精香料化学成分复杂,现无合适的化学质量控制方法,通过实例,对10个批次正常生产的香料标样进行同时蒸馏萃取,取其萃取液进行气相色谱氢焰检测.进行同组分色谱峰的匹配,根据相对峰面积求出标准指纹图谱,然后10批标样各自与标准指纹图谱进行相似度计算,据此设立待测样品的合格性允差范围.待测样品与标准指纹图谱进行谱峰匹配,计算与标准指纹图谱的相似度,依据合格性允差范围,判定其质量状况.     

基于牛舌草指纹图谱的多指标成分相对定量与鉴别方法

色谱指纹图谱法在中草药产地鉴别或中成药鉴别中发挥着重要作用,然而色谱峰强度和位置易受目标物提取和分离条件的影响,发展更加准确的指纹图谱具有重要意义。该文以色谱峰中某一个常见组分（芦丁）作为内标,分析其他组分的相对含量,以相对含量作为指纹图谱信息,结合化学模式识别可以精确给出产地的相似度。以牛舌草的液相色谱指纹图谱指纹峰为例,以其中芦丁的组分峰作为基准峰,其他指纹峰以芦丁为参照,计算每个指纹峰以芦丁计的含量,建立了牛舌草的指纹图谱。将获得的相对含量指纹图谱采用系统聚类分析和主成分分析进行化学模式识别研究,实现了不同产地牛舌草的区分。该方法建立了牛舌草多指标成分的相对定量与鉴别方法,既节省资源,又具有可操作性,对于其他中药或中成药的质量控制具有一定的借鉴意义。     

基于信息融合的中药多元色谱指纹图谱相似性计算方法

摘要用信息融合算法合并多张色谱指纹图谱, 解决中药多元指纹图谱相似性评价难题, 提出一种多元色谱指纹图谱相似度计算方法. 用该方法先对各单元指纹图谱进行串行或并行象素级信息融合, 再对融合了各指纹峰信息的多元色谱指纹图谱进行相似度评价. 计算机仿真和复方丹参滴丸多元HPLC指纹图谱应用结果表明, 该法能够评价中药多元色谱指纹图谱相似度, 定量表征中成药产品批次间质量波动情况.     

Similarity screening of molecular data sets

Summary Three-dimensional (3D)-database searches are now being widely applied to determine potential new active molecules. Many structural data sets obtained as a result of these searches are still large in size. In this paper we apply molecular similarity calculations as a rapid method to screen two such data sets. In the first investigation, synthetic candidates, produced as a result of a tendamistat -turn mimic search, were tested for their ability to imitate the -turn backbone. In the second study, structures extracted through a histamine pharmacophore query search were examined on the basis of their electronic similarity to histamine. Molecular similarity is shown to provide a rapid means of gaining insight into the composition of molecular data sets, with possible implications for future full 3D-database searches.     

Similarity of molecular shape

Summary The similarity of one molecule to another has usually been defined in terms of electron densities or electrostatic potentials or fields. Here it is expressed as a function of the molecular shape. Formulations of similarity (S) reduce to very simple forms, thus rendering the computerised calculation straightforward and fast. Elements of similarity are identified, in the same spirit as elements of chirality, except that the former are understood to be variable rather than present-or-absent. Methods are presented which bypass the time-consuming mathematical optimisation of the relative orientation of the molecules. Numerical results are presented and examined, with emphasis on the similarity of isomers. At the extreme, enantiomeric pairs are considered, where it is the dissimilarity (D=1–S) that is of consequence. We argue that chiral molecules can be graded by dissimilarity, and show that D is the shape-analog of the chirality coefficient, with the simple form of the former opening up numerical access to the latter.The late Amatz Meyer was formerly of the Department of Organic Chemistry, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.     

Fingerprint developing of coffee flavor by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and combined chemometrics methods

In this paper, chromatographic fingerprint was firstly used for quality control of tobacco flavors. Based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and combined chemometrics methods, a simple, reliable and reproducible method for developing chromatographic fingerprint of coffee flavor, one of tobacco flavors, was described. Six coffee flavor samples obtained from different locations were used to establish the fingerprint. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of coffee flavor sample from Shenzhen was completed with the help of subwindow factor analysis (SFA). Fifty-two components of 68 separated constituents in coffee flavor sample from Shenzhen, accounting for 88.42% of the total content, were identified and quantified. Then, spectral correlative chromatography (SCC) was used to extract the common peaks from other five studied coffee flavor samples. Thirty-eight components were found to exist in all six samples. Finally, the method validation of fingerprint analysis was performed based on the relative retention time and the relative peak area of common peaks, sample stability and similarity analysis. The similarities of six coffee flavor samples were more than 0.9104 and showed that samples from different locations were consistent to some extent. The developed chromatographic fingerprint was successfully used to differentiate coffee flavor from coco flavor and some little difference sample prepared with coffee flavor and coco flavor by both similarity comparison and principal component projection analysis. The developed method can be used for quality control of coffee flavor.     

t检验法用于评价中药色谱指纹图谱的相似度

本文采用t检验法评价中药色谱指纹图谱的相似度。利用来自六个不同厂家的三黄片样品的高效液相色谱指纹图谱数据来验证t检验法的适用性,并用主成分分析(PCA)进一步验证方法的可行性。在PCA的聚类图上,t检验无显著性差异的样品聚为一类,t检验有显著性差异的样品各为一类。结果表明:用t检验法能客观地反映中药样品间的相似性和差异性。     

Development of a Chromatographic Fingerprint of Tobacco Flavor by Use of GC and GC-MS

A new chromatographic fingerprinting method has been established for quality control of tobacco flavor. Three different extraction techniques, simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE), liquid–liquid extraction, and solid-phase microextraction were evaluated for isolation of the components of interest. After comparison of their performance, a combination of SDE and GC-MS was used for simple, reliable, and reproducible development of a chromatographic fingerprint of tobacco flavor. Twelve samples of the flavor from different batches were used to establish the fingerprint. Thirty-nine volatile components of the tobacco flavor samples, accounting for 86.54% of the total content, were identified and quantified. The 12 samples had 28 peaks in common. The method of fingerprint analysis was then validated on the basis of the relative retention times and relative peak areas of the common peaks, sample stability, and similarity analysis. The similarities of the 12 samples of tobacco flavor were >0.80, showing that samples from different batches were, to some extent, consistent. The chromatographic fingerprint developed was successfully used to differentiate tobacco flavor samples from tobacco extract prepared from tobacco leaf, both by similarity comparison and by principal-components projection analysis. The method can be used for quality control of tobacco flavor.     

Similarity analyses of chromatographic herbal fingerprints: A review

Herbal medicines are becoming again more popular in the developed countries because being “natural” and people thus often assume that they are inherently safe. Herbs have also been used worldwide for many centuries in the traditional medicines. The concern of their safety and efficacy has grown since increasing western interest. Herbal materials and their extracts are very complex, often including hundreds of compounds. A thorough understanding of their chemical composition is essential for conducting a safety risk assessment. However, herbal material can show considerable variability. The chemical constituents and their amounts in a herb can be different, due to growing conditions, such as climate and soil, the drying process, the harvest season, etc. Among the analytical methods, chromatographic fingerprinting has been recommended as a potential and reliable methodology for the identification and quality control of herbal medicines. Identification is needed to avoid fraud and adulteration. Currently, analyzing chromatographic herbal fingerprint data sets has become one of the most applied tools in quality assessment of herbal materials. Mostly, the entire chromatographic profiles are used to identify or to evaluate the quality of the herbs investigated. Occasionally only a limited number of compounds are considered. One approach to the safety risk assessment is to determine whether the herbal material is substantially equivalent to that which is either readily consumed in the diet, has a history of application or has earlier been commercialized i.e. to what is considered as reference material. In order to help determining substantial equivalence using fingerprint approaches, a quantitative measurement of similarity is required. In this paper, different (dis)similarity approaches, such as (dis)similarity metrics or exploratory analysis approaches applied on herbal medicinal fingerprints, are discussed and illustrated with several case studies.     

Similarity studies using statistical and genetical methods

This paper aims at demonstrating the applicability of statistical spectroscopy and genetic algorithms to the similarity studies. Statistical moments of the intensity distributions are used as a basis for defining similarity distances between pairs of model spectra. Model spectrum is taken as a sum of two Gaussian distributions characterized by different parameters. As a result, dissimilarity maps are presented.