中国雪参挥发油成分的色谱—质谱分析

本文测定了中国雪参根中人参挥发油的含量，并用色谱－质谱联用仪分析了化学成分及百分含量。从中分离出１３２种化合物，初步鉴定出４９种，占挥发油总量的８７．７３％，有２８种化合物尚未见报道。     

苍术挥发油成分的分析

用色谱－质谱－计算机联用法分析了南苍术挥发油的化学成分和相对百分含量，分离出６２种组分，鉴定出２２种化合物，占其挥发油总量的８９２％。     

色质联用法分析蜂胶挥发油成分

用色谱／质谱／计算机联用法分析了蜂胶挥发油（吉林产）的化学成分和相对百分含量。分离出５８种化合物，鉴定出２６种化合物，占总量的８６．７９％。     

浙江艾蒿和野艾蒿挥发油成分分析研究

用GC/MS进行浙江野艾蒿和艾蒿挥发油成分分析.鉴定出野艾蒿31个化合物,占挥发油含量的83.27%.主要成分为:桉叶素(21.82%)、胡椒烯(10.48%)、β-石竹烯(8.86%)、樟脑(8.50%)、侧柏酮(7.28%).鉴定出艾蒿24种化合物,占挥发油含量的77.70%.主要成分为:异蒿属酮(37.01%)、桉叶素(12.81%)、异蒿属醇(9.30%)等.两种同属植物含有18种相同化合物.     

兴安落叶松针叶挥发油的GC-MS和启发渐进式特征投影法分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取兴安落叶松针叶挥发油,利用气相色谱.质谱(GC-MS)联用对挥发油进行成分测定,并对其重叠色谱峰采用启发渐进式特征投影(HELP)法进行分辨,得到各组分的纯色谱峰和质谱,然后采用峰面积归一化法确定各化合物的相对含量.共分离出110种化合物,鉴定了70种化合物,占挥发油总量的93.09%,其中单萜、倍半萜和二萜的含量分别为31.92%、53.29%和6.91%.     

野生与栽培羌活药材挥发油含量及组分的比较分析

分析野生和栽培羌活药材挥发油含量及其组分的变化,为羌活药材的引种栽培及进一步的开发利用提供了依据。采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取羌活药材中的挥发油,通过GC-MS对挥发油成分进行分析鉴定;利用聚类分析对测定结果进行分类;通过相关分析研究海拔对羌活药材挥发油含量的影响。6份药材样品挥发油含量范围为1.60～7.98 mL/100g,6份羌活药材挥发油成分经GC-MS分析,共鉴定出57个化合物,共有成分12个;基于挥发油成分种类及相对含量的聚类分析显示了羌活药材挥发性成分种类及含量的种间差异;相关分析结果表明,海拔高度与挥发油含量存在显著正相关。野生和栽培羌活药材挥发油含量存在差异,总体上野生羌活药材的挥发油含量高于栽培种;羌活药材挥发油含量随海拔升高而增加。     

酸枣果肉中挥发性化学成分分析

报道了用蒸馏-萃取法提取酸枣果肉中挥发性物质,测得酸枣果肉挥发油的含量为1．80％,用GC／MS法从酸枣果肉挥发油中分离并确定出43种化学成分。用峰面积归一化法通过化学工作站数据处理系统,得出各化学成分在挥发油中的相对百分含量。其中主要成分为酸类化合物占挥发油总量的52．26％,酚类化合物为9．34％,酯类化合物为23．05％,醛类化合物为2．77％,醚类化合物为2．66％,烷烃化合物为1．89％,其它类化合物仅占3．77％。共占酸枣果肉中挥发油总量的95．62％。     

酸枣仁中挥发性化学成分分析

报道了用蒸馏-萃取法提取酸枣仁中挥发性物质，测得酸枣仁挥发油的含量为10．40％，用GC／MS法从酸枣果肉挥发油中分离并确定出38种化学成分。用峰面积归一化法通过化学工作站数据处理系统，得出各化学成分在挥发油中的含量。其中主要成分为酯类化合物占挥发油总量的76．12％，其次为酸类化合物为7．65％，醇类化合物为3．43％，醚类化合物为2．16％，烷烃化合物为4．61％，其它类化合物仅占4．85％。共占酸枣仁中挥发油总量的98．82％。     

西洋参中挥发油化学成分的分析

利用气相色谱－质谱－计算机联用装置分析吉林栽培西洋参挥发油中的化学成分及相对含量。由于没有按照常规的乙醚提取，而紧 ８０％的甲醇提取，因此得到的挥发油成分及含量与文献报道有很大的差别，共鉴定出２３种化合物，其中醌类及酸类约占总挥发油含量的６５％，为该部分挥发油的主要成分。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定大蒜挥发油的组成

采用改进的水蒸汽蒸馏法从山东金乡大蒜中提取挥发油。实验确定了气相色谱-质谱法分析大蒜油的条件,并对大蒜挥发油的化学成分进行了定性分析,共鉴定出20种物质。用峰面积归一化法对各物质的相对含量进行了测定,结果表明含硫化合物约占挥发油总成分的95%以上,其中含量最高的是大蒜新素,约占挥发油总量的三分之一。对低温储藏半年的挥发油进行分析的结果表明样品在低温下可稳定存放。     

气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱分析人参炮制品中的挥发性成分

人参炮制的化学成分变化研究主要集中在皂苷和糖类,本文首次从挥发性成分角度阐释了人参不同炮制品的物质基础。利用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS/MS)方法,对鲜参、生晒参和红参中挥发性成分及其衍生规律进行研究。采用TG-5SILMS非极性气相色谱柱,以He为载气,通过NIST MS Spectral Database对挥发性成分进行检测并鉴定。鲜参、生晒参、红参中分别检出30、33和34种挥发性成分,其中生晒参中(-)-斯巴醇含量为鲜参含量的31.98倍,辛醛等8种挥发性成分为鲜参中含量的3倍以上,红参中有环癸等10种挥发性成分为鲜参中含量的3倍以上。生晒参和红参中各有4种挥发性成分在鲜参中未检出。     

Determination of volatile organic compounds generated from fresh, white and red Panax ginseng (C. A. Meyer) using a direct sample injection technique

Ginsenosides are regarded as the main active, non-volatile components of Panax ginseng (C. A. Meyer). However, throughout the long history of ginseng research, there has been virtually no report describing its volatile flavor compounds. A solvent-free procedure for the determination of volatile flavor compounds generated from fresh, white and red Panax ginseng (C. A. Meyer) using solvent-free solid injection (SFSI) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) detection is described here. At no point in the SFSI technique were the extraction conditions optimized. Rather, the experimental variables including various sample preparations (fresh, oven-dried and freeze-dried), injector temperatures (100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 degrees C), and preheating times (3, 5, 7, 10 and 15 min), were predicated on the experience of the authors. A total of 47 compounds were identified in various forms of ginseng. Among the compounds identified in the sample, fresh ginseng was characterized by a high proportion of 3-acetyl-1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-ethyl-4,5-dihydro-7,8-dimethoxy-4-methylene-3H-2,3-benzodiazepine (64.24%) and 23,24-dinor-3-oxolean-4,12-dien-28-oic acid (21.42%); 2-furanmethanol (20.26%) and 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one (17.95%) were detected as the major components in white ginseng while the main components of the red ginseng were found to be 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid dibutyl ester (16.27%) and 2-furanmethanol (13.82%). SFSI is a solvent-free, rapid and simple sample preparation technique based on direct vaporization. There is no dilution or contamination with solvent or its impurities and no loss of quickly eluted components was observed in the solvent peak.     

Identification and Evaluation of a Panel of Ginsenosides from Different Red Ginseng Extracts with Nootropic Effect

Red ginseng has been gradually discovered to have pharmacological and physiological effects. It is well known that the most important bioactive components of ginseng are ginsenosides. The nootropic effect of ginsenosides from nine different red ginseng extracts was evaluated here. Nine groups of mice were perfused with different concentrations of nine red ginseng extracts, respectively, and two groups of mice with distilled water. The nootropic effect of ginsenosides on mice was evaluated with behavior tests and a biochemical indicator study. The extracts were identified by rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry(RRLC-Q-TOF-MS). Furthermore, principal component analysis(PCA) was used to analyze the contribution of chemical components from different ginseng groups. The extracts with the most and the weakest effective nootropic were found. It is notable that extract processing is a very important factor to decide pharmacological functions of ginseng extracts. As a conclusion, the most effective extract method for ginsenosides has been found. A panel of 13 ginsenosides has been screened out as chemical markers with nootropic effect, which include high level ginsenosides Ra0, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rb3, Re, Rd, and Rg1 and low level ginsenosides mRb1, mRc, mRb2, mRd, and F2. Low level ginsenosides were first time to be discovered as possible nootropic compounds. This method may shed light on fast discovery of bioactive compounds of medicinal plants with low level compounds.     

Recent Advances in the Semisynthesis,Modifications and Biological Activities of Ocotillol-Type Triterpenoids

Ginseng is one of the most widely consumed herbs in the world and plays an important role in counteracting fatigue and alleviating stress. The main active substances of ginseng are its ginsenosides. Ocotillol-type triterpenoid is a remarkably effective ginsenoside from Vietnamese ginseng that has received attention because of its potential antibacterial, anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties, among others. The semisynthesis, modification and biological activities of ocotillol-type compounds have been extensively studied in recent years. The aim of this review is to summarize semisynthesis, modification and pharmacological activities of ocotillol-type compounds. The structure–activity relationship studies of these compounds were reported. This summary should prove useful information for drug exploration of ocotillol-type derivatives.     

Analytical discrimination between sources of ginseng using Raman spectroscopy

Ginseng is a widely used medicinal product that grows mainly in Korea, China and America. American ginseng is classified as an endangered species, and so the import and export of this type of ginseng is illegal in certain countries. Due to this restriction it is becoming increasingly important to be able to distinguish between different types of ginseng. FT-Raman spectroscopy has the ability to discriminate between ginseng specimens according to the country of origin and the effects of processing on the ginseng material. The ginsenoside content of ginseng differs in both conformation and concentration depending on the source of the ginseng, which means that ginseng grown in different countries should express unique spectral features. The presence or absence of these features, therefore, could indicate the geographical origin of the sample. Several spectral features were identified for a range of ginsengs, such as a peak at 980 cm(-1) that was only found in Chinese ginseng, and the different wavenumber positions of characteristic ginseng bands near 1600 cm(-1). This indicates that Raman spectroscopy can be used to pinpoint the origin of an unknown ginseng sample and that it would provide a rapid nondestructive analytical technique for formally discriminating between restricted and permitted imports.     

Significant difference in active metabolite levels of ginseng in humans consuming Asian or Western diet: The link with enteric microbiota

After ingestion of ginseng, the bioavailability of its parent compounds is low and enteric microbiota plays an important role in parent compound biotransformation to their metabolites. Diet type can influence the enteric microbiota profile. When human subjects on different diets ingest ginseng, their different gut microbiota profiles may influence the metabolism of ginseng parent compounds. In this study, the effects of different diet type on gut microbiota metabolism of American ginseng saponins were investigated. We recruited six healthy adults who regularly consumed different diet types. These subjects received 7 days' oral American ginseng, and their biological samples were collected for LC‐Q‐TOF‐MS analysis. We observed significant ginsenoside Rb₁ (a major parent compound) and compound K (a major active metabolite) level differences in the samples from the subjects consuming different diets. Subjects on an Asian diet had much higher Rb₁ levels but much lower compound K levels compared with those on a Western diet. Since compound K possesses much better cancer chemoprevention potential, our data suggested that consumers on a Western diet should obtain better cancer prevention effects with American ginseng intake compared with those on an Asian diet. Ginseng compound levels could be enhanced or reduced via gut microbiota manipulation for clinical utility.     

中药微量元素数据（11）

“中药微量元素数据”分为植物药、动物药、生物甲壳药、矿物药和中成药刊出,其中又细分为解表药、泻下药、清热药、利水渗湿药、祛风湿药、温里祛寒药、芳香化湿药、理气药、理血药、补养药、固涩药、化痰止咳药、消导药、熄风镇痛药、养心安神药、芳香开窍药、外用药、驱虫药、各类中药煎煮液。检测的中药747种,共6780味。每种药包括药名、学名、科属、部位、产地、元素含量、分析方法和文献来源等8个内容。以表格形式表示。每味药物最多测定38种元素,最少测定4种元素,平均测定17种元素,共展示出的元素数据约12万个。每一个数据含义非常深刻,如序号为113的黄芩,共测定河北、山西、辽宁、黑龙江、山东、云南、四川、河南、吉林、陕西、甘肃、内蒙古、江苏等50个不同产地黄芩中的20种元素。又如序号为114的猕猴桃,共测定其中花、果、叶、枝、茎、根、皮、汁等8个不同部位中的23种元素。从元素的角度去研究中药不同产地、不同部位的药用功效,很有科研价值和实用意义。还可以用模式识别法去研究微量元素与中药的解表、清热、理气、理血等药性的关系,指导合理用药和配伍,深入研究中药与元素数据的关系,可以发现其中许多意想不到的科学规律。“数据”所参考的1036条文献,全是公开发表的论文和专著,是中国科研人员使用34种先进的分析测试方法所得的分析测试数据,是研究课题的“数据”,有高度的可靠性。对中药进行“解剖”测试,不但测定其“全身”中的元素,还测定其不同“器官”中的元素含量,如人参,既测定全参,又测定人参子、人参叶、人参皮、人参花、人参芦、人参茎、人参果、人参须等8个不同部位的元素含量,用元素功能指导临床用药很有帮助,甚至有些可用替代药,而且用中药治疗的阴虚、阳虚、气虚、阴阳两虚与中药中的元素的种类和含量息息相关。中医药不再是验方,是科学“数据”方。     

中药微量元素数据（9）

“中药微量元素数据”分为植物药、动物药、生物甲壳药、矿物药和中成药刊出,其中又细分为解表药、泻下药、清热药、利水渗湿药、祛风湿药、温里祛寒药、芳香化湿药、理气药、理血药、补养药、固涩药、化痰止咳药、消导药、熄风镇痛药、养心安神药、芳香开窍药、外用药、驱虫药、各类中药煎煮液.检测的中药747种,共6 780味.每种药包括药名、学名、科属、部位、产地、元素含量、分析方法和文献来源等8个内容.以表格形式表示.每味药物最多测定38种元素,最少测定4种元素,平均测定17种元素,共展示出的元素数据约12万个.每一个数据含义非常深刻,如序号为113的黄芩,共测定河北、山西、辽宁、黑龙江、山东、云南、四川、河南、吉林、陕西、甘肃、内蒙古、江苏等50个不同产地黄芩中的20种元素.又如序号为114的猕猴桃,共测定其中花、果、叶、枝、茎、根、皮、汁等8个不同部位中的23种元素.从元素的角度去研究中药不同产地、不同部位的药用功效,很有科研价值和实用意义.还可以用模式识别法去研究微量元素与中药的解表、清热、理气、理血等药性的关系,指导合理用药和配伍,深入研究中药与元素数据的关系,可以发现其中许多意想不到的科学规律.“数据”所参考的1 036条文献,全是公开发表的论文和专著,是中国科研人员使用34种先进的分析测试方法所得的分析测试数据,是研究课题的“数据”,有高度的可靠性.对中药进行“解剖”测试,不但测定其“全身”中的元素,还测定其不同“器官”中的元素含量,如人参,既测定全参,又测定人参子、人参叶、人参皮、人参花、人参芦、人参茎、人参果、人参须等8个不同部位的元素含量,用元素功能指导临床用药很有帮助,甚至有些可用替代药,而且用中药治疗的阴虚、阳虚、气虚、阴阳两虚与中药中的元素的种类和含量息息相关.中医药不再是验方,是科学“数据”方.     

中药微量元素数据（10）

“中药微量元素数据”分为植物药、动物药、生物甲壳药、矿物药和中成药刊出,其中又细分为解表药、泻下药、清热药、利水渗湿药、祛风湿药、温里祛寒药、芳香化湿药、理气药、理血药、补养药、固涩药、化痰止咳药、消导药、熄风镇痛药、养心安神药、芳香开窍药、外用药、驱虫药、各类中药煎煮液。检测的中药747种,共6780味。每种药包括药名、学名、科属、部位、产地、元素含量、分析方法和文献来源等8个内容。以表格形式表示。每味药物最多测定38种元素,最少测定4种元素,平均测定17种元素,共展示出的元素数据约12万个。每一个数据含义非常深刻,如序号为113的黄芩,共测定河北、山西、辽宁、黑龙江、山东、云南、四川、河南、吉林、陕西、甘肃、内蒙古、江苏等50个不同产地黄芩中的20种元素。又如序号为114的猕猴桃,共测定其中花、果、叶、枝、茎、根、皮、汁等8个不同部位中的23种元素。从元素的角度去研究中药不同产地、不同部位的药用功效,很有科研价值和实用意义。还可以用模式识别法去研究微量元素与中药的解表、清热、理气、理血等药性的关系,指导合理用药和配伍,深入研究中药与元素数据的关系,可以发现其中许多意想不到的科学规律。“数据”所参考的1036条文献,全是公开发表的论文和专著,是中国科研人员使用34种先进的分析测试方法所得的分析测试数据,是研究课题的“数据”,有高度的可靠性。对中药进行“解剖”测试,不但测定其“全身”中的元素,还测定其不同“器官”中的元素含量,如人参,既测定全参,又测定人参子、人参叶、人参皮、人参花、人参芦、人参茎、人参果、人参须等8个不同部位的元素含量,用元素功能指导临床用药很有帮助,甚至有些可用替代药,而且用中药治疗的阴虚、阳虚、气虚、阴阳两虚与中药中的元素的种类和含量息息相关。中医药不再是验方,是科学“数据”方。     

中药微量元素数据（12）

“中药微量元素数据”分为植物药、动物药、生物甲壳药、矿物药和中成药刊出,其中又细分为解表药、泻下药、清热药、利水渗湿药、祛风湿药、温里祛寒药、芳香化湿药、理气药、理血药、补养药、固涩药、化痰止咳药、消导药、熄风镇痛药、养心安神药、芳香开窍药、外用药、驱虫药、各类中药煎煮液。〈br〉 检测的中药747种,共6780味。每种药包括药名、学名、科属、部位、产地、元素含量、分析方法和文献来源等8个内容。以表格形式表示。每味药物最多测定38种元素,最少测定4种元素,平均测定17种元素,共展示出的元素数据约12万个。〈br〉 每一个数据含义非常深刻,如序号为113的黄芩,共测定河北、山西、辽宁、黑龙江、山东、云南、四川、河南、吉林、陕西、甘肃、内蒙古、江苏等50个不同产地黄芩中的20种元素。又如序号为114的猕猴桃,共测定其中花、果、叶、枝、茎、根、皮、汁等8个不同部位中的23种元素。从元素的角度去研究中药不同产地、不同部位的药用功效,很有科研价值和实用意义。还可以用模式识别法去研究微量元素与中药的解表、清热、理气、理血等药性的关系,指导合理用药和配伍,深入研究中药与元素数据的关系,可以发现其中许多意想不到的科学规律。〈br〉 “数据”所参考的1036条文献,全是公开发表的论文和专著,是中国科研人员使用34种先进的分析测试方法所得的分析测试数据,是研究课题的“数据”,有高度的可靠性。对中药进行“解剖”测试,不但测定其“全身”中的元素,还测定其不同“器官”中的元素含量,如人参,既测定全参,又测定人参子、人参叶、人参皮、人参花、人参芦、人参茎、人参果、人参须等8个不同部位的元素含量,用元素功能指导临床用药很有帮助,甚至有些可用替代药,而且用中药治疗的阴虚、阳虚、气虚、阴阳两虚与中药中的元素的种类和含量息息相关。中医药不再是验方,是科学“数据”方。