近海环境中抗生素分析样品前处理技术的研究进展

抗生素在人和动物疾病防治方面的广泛及大量使用造成其源源不断地进入到环境中,并最终通过各种途径进入到近海环境中。由于抗生素可在水生生物体内蓄积,特别是其可促进细菌耐药性的产生与传播,已经威胁到生态和人类健康。抗生素种类复杂、性质各异,且在环境中存在浓度低,因此,发展各种基质中抗生素分析的前处理方法至关重要。该文综述了近十几年来近海水体、沉积物和生物体中抗生素的前处理方法,主要包括固相萃取、固液萃取、基质固相分散萃取和QuEChERS等几种常用前处理技术,并对方法中可能影响萃取和净化效果的各种因素进行了分析,最后对各种方法的优缺点和发展进行了总结和展望。     

气相色谱法测定17种有机磷类农药残留

建立了气相色谱(GC)测定粮谷作物和果蔬作物中17种有机磷类农残的方法。本方法对不同基质样品进行针对性的前处理措施,在充分提取的前提下建立合理的色谱方法,通过程序升温及分组测定的方式,成功避免了临近峰的干扰,使用外标法定量。结果表明,在不同基质中,17种有机磷农残在0.01~0.1 mg/L浓度范围内相关系数均在0.997以上,线性关系良好;在高、中、低三个添加水平下,回收率在80.0%~116.7%,相对标准偏差最高为8.48%;方法检出限在果蔬、粮谷基质中分别为0.0559~0.589μg/Kg、0.0547~0.592μg/Kg。本方法快速高效,在1小时内就可以完成从前处理到得到检测结果整个过程,同时灵敏度、准确度、精密度均符合实际农药残留检测的要求。     

《色谱定性与定量》(第二版)

该书主要介绍了色谱分析中常用的定性和定量方法。在定性分析中除了介绍经典的保留值定性的各种方法外,对近年来在色谱定性分析中使用的质谱和红外光谱的谱图解析作了较详细的介绍。定量分析中除了介绍各种定量分析方法外,对数据处理中的误差分析、定量结果的评价和表达方法作了详细介绍。     

溶剂转移-气相色谱-质谱法和选择洗脱-气相色谱法测定大蒜中289种农药多残留

以溶剂转移净化为核心步骤,建立了一种适用于大蒜样品中农药多残留分析的前处理方法(方法I),配以一个辅助方法(方法II),构成大蒜中常见289种农药多残留的分析体系(方法I283种,方法II6种)。方法I中,样品用乙腈-水溶液提取,盐析分配,溶剂转移和固相萃取(SPE)净化后进行气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析;方法II中,样品用无水Na2SO4配合乙酸乙酯均质研磨,超声波辅助提取,提取液经Primary Secondary Amine (PSA)粉末分散固相萃取和LC-Si柱选择洗脱净化后进行GC分析。GC-MS采用选择离子监测(SIM)方式,GC采用火焰光度检测器(FPD)检测,外标法定量。方法简便、快速,通过优化前处理和上机条件,在最优条件下进行测试,方法的定量限(S/N≥10)为0.01～0.05 mg/kg。方法I中,在加标水平为0.02、0.20 mg/kg时,回收率为52%～163%,其中回收率在70%～120%之间的占88%,相对标准偏差为2.4%～18%;方法II中,在加标水平为0.01、0.02、0.10、0.20 mg/kg时,回收率为70%～111%,相对标准偏差为3.2%～9.3%。详细描述了实验模型的构建,并对GC-MS灵敏度的提高提出了新的见解。该方法准确、灵敏、快速,可满足大蒜中多种农药残留的检测要求。     

自由能计算方法及其在生物大分子体系中的适用性问题

本文总结了计算科学领域中被广泛使用的自由能计算方法,详述了各种自由能计算方法的基本原理、操作过程以及所具有的特点,并在最后对各种方法在生物大分子体系中的适用性做了概括,以期使读者在自由能相关研究工作中,根据自身研究体系和研究目的,选择合适的计算方法开展研究工作.     

高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定地质样品中的微量锗

应用高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定地质样品中的微量锗。研究了地质样品中不同酸消解方法、提取方法对测定锗的影响,以及在高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱仪高、中、低分辨率模式下测定地质样品中锗的质谱行为。用氢氟酸-硝酸体系分解样品,硝酸提取,在中分辨率模式下进行测定。方法的检出限(3s)为10ng·g-1。方法用于10个国家标准物质中锗含量的测定,测定值与认定值相符,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=10)小于4.5%。     

《色谱定性与定量》（第二版）

该书主要介绍了色谱分析中常用的定性和定量方法。在定性分析中除了介绍经典的保留值定性的各种方法外,对近年来在色谱定性分析中使用的质谱和红外光谱的谱图解析作了较详细的介绍。定量分析中除了介绍各种定量分析方法外,对数据处理中的误差分析、定量结果的评价和表达方法作了详细介绍。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测人血液中常见毒品残留量

对人血液中鸦片类、苯丙胺类、可卡因类等26种毒品的提取方法、净化方法、色谱条件及质谱条件进行了研究,建立了液相色谱-串联质谱法检测人血液中26种常见毒品的检测方法.方法检测限为1～2 μg/kg.在2～200μg/kg范围内,相关系数为0.9771 ～0.9995.在5～50 μg/kg范围内,26种常见毒品的回收率在...     

铋试金法测定高铋物料中的银

火法试金最常用的为铅试金,当物料中铋的质量百分含量15%时,铅试金分析方法测定银量结果精密度差,且结果偏低。实验中研究了铋试金测定高铋铅阳极泥中银量的方法、铋试金和铅试金方法过程对比、铋试金方法中杂质元素Sb,Cu,As,Ni,Pb的干扰、铋试金过程中铋扣直接溶解滴定和铋扣灰吹二次试金方法对比。通过多家单位对精密度和加标回收率的考察,相对标准偏差(RSD)在0.33%~0.84%,加标回收率在96.38%~100.62%,方法准确、可靠。     

后处理过程中以水为溶剂的干法纺再生丝素纤维的结构演变

以水为溶剂的干法纺再生丝素蛋白纤维可通过后处理提高其力学性能,且后处理方法对纤维性能的提高程度有很大影响。为了优化干法纺再生丝素蛋白纤维的后处理工艺,定量研究了两种后处理方法中再生丝素蛋白分子的取向结构和构象演变,即方法A(纤维先在φ=80%的乙醇水溶液中浸泡1 h,再在热蒸汽中拉伸2倍)与方法B(纤维先在φ=80%的乙醇水溶液中拉伸2倍,再在该溶液中浸泡1 h)。探讨了纤维结构变化与力学性能之间的关系。结果表明:在乙醇水溶液中或在热蒸汽中拉伸均比仅在乙醇水溶液中浸泡更有利于丝素蛋白的构象转变,也对提高丝素蛋白分子链的取向更为有效。与方法A相比,方法B更能提高纤维的取向程度、β-折叠构象的含量以及力学性能。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.