2, 3-二氢蒽并(1, 2-b)(1, 4)恶嗪-7, 12-二酮的合成

2-溴-1, 4-二羟基蒽醌与氨基醇, 缩合可以生成2-取代氨基-1, 4-二羟基蒽醌, 但在较高温度下并延长反应时间, 部分产物可以进行分子内脱水而进一步环化为2, 3-二氢蒽并(1, 2-b)(1, 4)恶嗪-7, 12-二酮的衍生物。用MS和NMR确定其结构。     

超声提取-分光光度法测定大黄中总蒽醌类化合物

大黄试样经乙醇(6+4)溶液超声提取3次,每次20min。以母核1,8-二羟基蒽醌为标样,在428 nm波长处,采用分光光度法测定其中总蒽醌的含量。在优化的试验条件下,1,8-二羟基蒽醌的质量浓度在50.0mg·L~(-1)以内与其吸光度呈线性关系。用此方法测定大黄中总蒽醌含量,所得平均提取率与回流提取法一致,加标回收率在99.7%～100.5%之间。     

2′,4-二羟基-4′,6′-二甲氧基-二氢查尔酮的首次全合成

以2,4,6-三羟基苯乙酮和对羟基苯甲醛为起始原料,经选择性的甲基化,甲氧甲基化,羟醛缩合,还原,脱保护等反应首次完成了2′,4-二羟基-4′,6′-二甲氧基-二氢查尔酮(1)的全合成,总收率40%。1和中间体的结构经1HNMR,IR和MS表征。     

3,6-二甲基-9-芳基-2,7-二氧杂-1,2,7,8,9,10-六氢-1,8-吖啶二酮衍生物的一步合成

以芳醛、6-甲基-4-羟基-2-吡喃酮、醋酸铵为原料, 醋酸为溶剂, 一步合成了一系列3,6-二甲基-9-芳基-2,7-二氧 杂-1,2,7,8,9,10-六氢-1,8-吖啶二酮, 产物的结构经红外、核磁、元素分析进行了表征, 并对反应过程提出了可能的机理.     

无外加催化剂条件下邻取代芳香醛与5, 5-二甲基-1, 3-环己二 酮的反应研究

在DMF溶剂中,不外加催化剂使邻取代芳香醛(1)与5,5-二甲基-1,3-环己二酮(2)发生缩合和加成反应生成3,3,6,6-四甲基-4a-羟基-9-芳基-1,8-二氧代-2,3,4,4a,5,6,7,8,9,9a-十氢化-1H-氧杂蒽(3a-3d)。在同样条件下,邻羟基芳香醛与5,5-二甲基-1,3-环己二酮则发生缩合、加成和脱水反应生成3,3-二甲基-9-(5,5-二甲基-3-羟基-2-环己烯-1-酮-2-基)-1-氧代-2,3,4,9-四氢化-1-氧杂蒽(4a-4b)。用单晶X-射线分析法确定了产物3a和4a的晶体结构。     

1,8-二甲氧基乙基萘的合成

以1,8-二萘酸酐为原料,经氢化铝锂还原得1,8-二羟甲基萘(2);2经浓盐酸酸化生成1,8-二氯甲基萘(3);3经氢化铝锂还原为1,8-二甲基萘(4);用强碱丁基锂和叔丁醇钾将4转化成二钾盐后与甲氧基氯甲烷反应合成了1,8-二甲氧基乙基萘,其结构经1H NMR和13C NMR和HR-MS表征.     

无外加催化剂条件下邻取代芳香醛与5,5-二甲基-1,3-环己二酮的反应研究

在DMF溶剂中,不外加催化剂使邻取代芳香醛(1)与5,5-二甲基-1,3-环己三酮(2)发生缩合和加成反应生成3,3,6,6-四甲基-4a-羟基-9-芳基-1,8二氧化-2,3,4,4a,5,6,7,8,9a-十氢化-1H氧杂蒽(3a～3d)。在同样条件下,邻羟基芳香醛与5,5-二甲基-1,3-环己三酮则发生缩合,加成和脱水反应生成3,3-二甲基-9-(5,5-二甲基-3-羟基-2-环己烯-1-酮-2-基)-1-氧代-2,3,4,9-四氢化-1 氧杂蒽(4a～4b)。用单晶X-射线分析法确定了产物3a和4a的晶体结构。     

相溶解度法研究环糊精对蒽醌药物的增溶作用

通过相溶解度法,测定1,2-二氨基蒽醌、1,4-二氨基蒽醌和1,8-二羟基蒽醌在不同温度、不同浓度的β-环糊精(β-CD)、羟丙基-β-环糊精(HP-β-CD)以及羟乙基-β-环糊精(HE-β-CD)中的溶解度,绘制相溶解度曲线,并进行回收率及稳定性实验.实验结果表明:1,2-二氨基蒽醌、1,4-二氨基蒽醌和1,8-二羟基蒽醌的溶解度均随3种环糊精浓度的增加而呈线性增加,相溶解度曲线为AL型,蒽醌与环糊精形成的包合物类型为1∶1型,3种环糊精对蒽醌均有增溶作用,增溶效应顺序为HP-β-CDHE-β-CDβ-CD,与HP-β-CD作用顺序为1,2-二氨基蒽醌1,4-二氨基蒽醌1,8-二羟基蒽醌.     

微波辐射下"一锅煮"法合成9-芳基-1,8-二氧代-9H-二苯并[c,h]-2,7,10-三氧杂蒽

以芳醛、4-羟基香豆素为原料,乙醇为能量转移剂,在微波辐射下一步合成了一系列9-芳基-1,8-二氧代-9H-二苯并[c,h]-2,7,10-三氧杂蒽,反应在4～8min内完成,产率57%～97%.     

3-甲基-9-芳基-1,8-二氧代-2,10-二氧杂蒽衍生物的合成

以芳醛、4-羟基-6-甲基-2-吡喃酮和1,3-环己二酮为原料,乙二醇为溶剂合成了一系列3-甲基-9-芳基-1,8-二氧代-2,10-二氧杂蒽衍生物.该反应产率高(70%～83%)、操作简单、后处理方便.产物的结构经红外光谱、核磁共振谱及单晶X射线衍射法表征.     

Methylation of 1,8-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone with and without use of solvent-free technique

A convenient and environmentally friendly solvent-free procedure has been developed for dimethylation of 1,8-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone with excellent yield. A highly selective monomethylation of 1,8-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone in refluxing tetraglyme makes monomethylated peri-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinones easily available. Alternatively, irradiation in a domestic microwave oven has been employed for the solvent-free monomethylation of 1,8-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone.     

Novel Macrocycles. Part 6. Synthesis, Structures and Cation Binding from Optical Spectroscopy of 9,10-Anthraquinone-crown Ethers

The 9,10-anthraquinone-[12]crown-4, [15]crown-5 and [18]crown-6 derivatives were synthesized from 1,2-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone and 1,8-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which were condensed with dihalides or ditosylates of polyethylene glycols in alkali carbonate/DMSO. The 9,10-anthraquinone derived polyoxacyclo-alkanes were characterized with IR, mass spectrometry, ¹H, ¹³C spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The cation binding properties were studied with UV-vis spectroscopy. The association constants found in acetonitrile were selectively dependent on the cation radius and macrocycle size as well as the molecular structures. The observed results from UV-vis studies, however, showed the stronger complexing role of 1,2-derived macrocycles compared to those of 1,8-derivatives. The theoretical conformational analysis and the energy optimisations of the 9,10-anthraquinone-macrocycles carried out with MM+ method explained the binding results.     

Simultaneous quantitation of 1,8,9-anthracenetriol, 1,8-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone, and 1,8,1',8'-tetrahydroxy-10,10'-dianthrone by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

A sensitive and specific reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of anthralin (1,8,9-anthracenetriol) and its known degradation products: quinone (1,8-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone) and dimer (1,8,1',8'-tetrahydroxy-10,10'-dianthrone). The method provides for rapid and simple quantitation of nanogram amounts of the three compounds. The molar absorptivities for anthralin in different solvents and solvent systems, including the mobile phase, are presented.     

Stereoselective synthesis of 1,8- and 1,5-diketo-trans-syn-trans-perhydroanthracenes

A stereOselective conversion of 1,8- and 1,5-diethoxy-9,10-anthraquinone to 1,8- and 1,5-diketo-$\text{trans}$-$\text{syn}$-$\text{trans}$-perhydroanthracenes by successive sodium borohydride, metal-ammonia, and catalytic reductions is described.     

Metal Complexes with 1,5- and 1,8-Dihydroxy-9,10-Anthraquinones: Electronic Absorption Spectra and Structure of Ligands

Metal complexes with 1,5-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone are studied by the spectrophotometric, quantum-chemical, and correlation methods. It was established that the ligand in these complexes can occur in seven excited states that differ not only in the ionization degree but also in the prevailing contribution of the tautomeric 9,10-, 1,10-, and 1,5-anthraquinoid structures. In all known complexes with 1,8-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone and singly ionized ligand, this ligand has the 1,10-anthraquinoid structure; in complexes with the doubly ionized ligand, the latter ligand most often has the 9,10-anthraquinoid structure. The known complexes are classified according to the ligand structures.     

Lead ion-selective membrane electrodes based on some recently synthesized 9,10-anthraquinone derivatives

Four different 9,10-anthraquinone derivatives were studied to characterize their abilities as lead ion carrier in PVC membrane electrodes. The electrode based on 1,8-dihydroxy-2,7-bis(prop-2′-enyl)-9,10-anthraquinone exhibits a Nernstian response for Pb²⁺ ions over a wide concentration range (2.0×10⁻³–2.0×10⁻⁶ M). The response time of the sensor is 30 s and the membrane can be used for more than four months without observing any deviation. The electrode revealed comparatively good selectivities with respect to alkali, alkaline earth and some transition and heavy metal ions. It was used as an indicator electrode in potentiometric titration of sulfate ions with a lead ion solution.     

Anthraquinones with antiplasmodial activity from the roots of Rennellia elliptica Korth. (Rubiaceae)

Dichloromethane root extract of Rennellia elliptica Korth. showed strong inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum growth in vitro with an IC?? value of 4.04 μg/mL. A phytochemical study of the dichloromethane root extract has led to the isolation and characterization of a new anthraquinone, 1,2-dimethoxy-6-methyl-9,10-anthraquinone (1), and ten known anthraquinones: 1-hydroxy-2-methoxy-6-methyl-9,10-anthraquinone (2), nordamnacanthal (3), 2-formyl-3-hydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone (4), damnacanthal (5), lucidin-ω-methyl ether (6), 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-9,10-anthraquinone (7), rubiadin (8), 3-hydroxy-2-methoxy-6-methyl-9,10-anthraquinone (9), rubiadin-1-methyl ether (10) and 3-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl-9,10-anthraquinone (11). Structural elucidation of all compounds was accomplished by modern spectroscopic methods, notably 1D and 2D NMR, IR, UV and HREIMS. The new anthraquinone 1, 2-formyl-3-hydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone (4) and 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-9,10-anthraquinone (7) possess strong antiplasmodial activity, with IC?? values of 1.10, 0.63 and 0.34 μM, respectively.     

Reactions of 9-chloro-1,10-anthraquinone 1-dichlorophosphorylimine with N- and C-nucleophiles

9-Chloro-1,10-anthraquinone 1-dichlorophosphorylimine formed in the reaction of 1-amino-9,10-anthraquinone with PCl₅ followed by dehydrochlorination reacts with primary amines with substitution of chlorine atoms. In the case of aliphatic amines, the reaction occurs further concurrently in two directions: the addition of the amine molecule with the formation of 9,9-di(alkylamino) derivatives of the anthrone and the substitution of hydrogen atom at position 4 with the formation of 4,9-di(alkylamino) derivatives of 1,10-anthraquinone 1-imine. In the case of aromatic amines, 1-amino-9,10-anthraquinone 9-arylimines are the end products. Reactions with the anions of CH-acids containing an alkoxycarbonyl or cyano group occur with substitution in position 9 followed by intramolecular cyclization with the formation of 2-alkoxy- or 2-amino-7H-dibenzo[f,ij]isoquinolin-7-one derivatives, respectively. For preliminary communication, see Ref. 1. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1179–1184, June, 1998.     

Novel application of 1-/2-phenyl substituted 9,10-anthraquinones in solid electrochromic devices

1-/2-phenyl substituted 9,10-anthraquinones were synthesized via Suzuki coupling reactions of 1-/2-iodo-9,10-anthraquinones with benzeneboronic acid. They are efficient and reversible electrochromic materials and their solid electrochromic devices were prepared. When reduced, the device color of 1-phenyl-9,10-anthraquinone shifts from yellow to claret while that of 2-phenyl-9,10-anthraquinone switches from yellow-green to a dark blue-purple. Their different characteristics and behaviors in electrochromic devices are only determined by the different substituted positions of the phenyl group. They are potentially to be widely applied in commercial application for the excellent behaviors plus the inexpensive starting materials and short synthetic routes.     

A novel dimeric discotic liquid crystal based on anthraquinone

A novel dimer based on the disc-like anthraquinone core-bis[1-(4-nitrobenzyloxy)-2,3,6,7-tetrapentyloxy-9,10-anthraquinon-5-oxy]do and its corresponding monomer 1-hexyloxy5-(4-nitrobenzyloxy)-2,3,6,7-tetrapentyloxy-9,10-anthraquinone, have been synthesized and characterized. X-ray diffraction studies show that this novel dimer exhibits a hexagonal columnar phase (Col_h) with correlation among the molecular cores along the column. The Col_h phase of the dimer exists over a very wide temperature range, extending from 176°C down to at least 60°C (the lowest temperature reached in DSC), whereas the monomer exhibits a Col_h phase at high temperature and a three-dimensionally ordered columnar phase (Col_x) at low temperature.