硅藻土吸附在线柱富集-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定环境水样中痕量铜

提出了硅藻土吸附在线柱富集-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定环境水样中痕量铜的方法。利用硅藻土对环境水样中痕量铜在线预富集,浓集因子达到27.6,使火焰原子吸收光谱法的检测能力达到测定环境水样中痕量铜的要求。方法检出限为0.32μg.L-1,RSD(20μg.L-1)为3.52%,加标回收率为97.0%~105.0%。     

原子荧光光谱法测定粗锌中的砷

建立了测定粗锌中砷含量的原子荧光光谱法。粗锌样品经硝酸溶液(1+1)低温溶解完全以后,在盐酸介质中,用抗坏血酸预还原,以硫脲掩蔽铜、铁、银等杂质元素,砷被硼氢化钾还原为氢化物,用氩气导入原子化器测量。砷测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.5%~3.0%(n=11),加标回收率为98.4%~103.6%。与国家标准测定方法分光光度法测定结果对比,相对偏差为0.1%~2.4%。该法准确、可靠,适用于砷含量在0.005 0%~0.50%之间的粗锌中砷的测定。     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定硫酸亚铁铵中痕量元素砷和铅

砷和铅是硫酸亚铁铵中的杂质元素,其含量对硫酸亚铁铵的纯度有影响,一般要求其质量分数不超过0.002%。如此低的含量,使用石墨炉原子吸收法测定较为合适。笔者采用日立公司的石墨炉原子吸收法同时测定溶液中痕量砷和铅,采用偏振塞曼扣除背景,结合光学快速升温技术及基体改进技术,消除了共存组分对痕量砷、铅测定的干扰,详细探     

盐酸浸提-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定中成药中痕量无机砷

中成药在6 tooL·L-1的盐酸溶液中,经加热后,无机砷以氯化物的形式被提取,用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定痕量无机砷.砷浓度在50μg·L-1以内与其峰面积之间保持线性关系(γ=0.999 6),方法的检出限为0.34μg·L-1,分析了中成药样品,结果的RSD值小于4%,回收率试验结果在92.6%～104.0%之间.     

双道氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定核电用钢中痕量砷和锑

建立了双道氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定核电用钢中痕量砷和锑的新方法。用王水溶解样品,以2.0 g/L L-半胱氨酸溶液作为预还原剂,在低酸度条件下实现对砷、锑的预还原。用20 g/L硼氢化钾溶液作为还原剂,氢化物发生反应在0.5 mol/L乙酸介质中进行。砷、锑的质量浓度在40μg/L范围与相应的荧光强度呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3s/k)分别为0.032μg/L和0.022μg/L。应用此方法同时测定了核电用钢及不锈钢标准样品中的砷锑含量,并与电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法的分析结果作了对比,测定值与标准样品的标准值相符,结果的相对标准偏差(n=8)均小于5.0%。     

高频感应耦合等离子体光谱法测定银铜系列合金中的铅锑铁杂质元素

银铜合金中杂质元素的分析,有采用铸捧状试样光谱法;有将合金转化成硫酸盐形式、交流电弧激发光谱测定法;也有把试样处理成海绵状合金、直流电弧激发光谱法。本文应用ICP-AES测定银铜合金中杂质Pb、Sb、Fe,拟定了用一套待测杂质元素的标准,测定银铜系合金在AgCu0.6-AgCu_(23)范围内的八个牌号合金中的杂质Pb、Sb、Fe的分析方法(测定范围:Pb、Sb0.005%—0.5%,Fe0.001%—0.1%;测定的相对标准偏差:Pb7.6%,Sb5.7%,     

微波消解-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定中药材中痕量砷

采用微波消解法用硝酸-过氧化氢(3+1)溶液消解样品,以硫脲及抗坏血酸混合溶液作为预还原剂,利用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定中药材当归、丹参、甘草、三七和黄芪中痕量砷的含量。在盐酸(3+97)溶液中加入溶于20g.L-1氢氧化钾溶液中的10g.L-1硼氢化钾溶液使与溶液中砷离子反应生成氢化物。分析中采用载气流量为800mL.min-1。砷的质量浓度在12μg.L-1以内与其对应的荧光强度呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3s/k)为0.020μg.L-1。应用此法对国家标准物质人发(GBW 09101)进行分析,测定值与认定值一致。     

L-半胱氨酸预还原断续流动-HG-AFS法测定木材及木制品中微量砷

采用L-半胱氨酸为预还原剂,建立了断续流动进样氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定木材及木制品中微量砷的方法。确定了仪器的最佳工作条件,考察了介质和载流酸度、硼氢化钠浓度、L-半胱氨酸浓度和载流流速的影响以及共存元素的干扰情况。方法简便、快速。在选定的测定条件下,砷的检出限为0.15μg.L-1,相对标准偏差为5.1%,回收率为95%~102%。     

催化动力学紫外吸光光度法直接测定水中痕量铜

以铜(Ⅱ)对过氧化氢氧化抗坏血酸的催化作用为基础,建立了一种催化动力学紫外吸光光度法直接测定水中痕量铜的方法。在pH3.5,0.0014mol·L-1抗坏血酸溶液,0.035mol·L-1过氧化氢溶液的体系中,方法的回收率为98.5%-99.4%,检出限为4μg·L-1。用以测定自来水、河水、生活污水中铜,结果满意。     

碘酸钾滴定法测定铜阳极泥分银渣中的锡

建立了碘酸钾滴定法测定铜阳极泥分银渣中锡的含量。通过硝酸溶解,过滤除铜,还原铁粉置换分离锑、铋、砷等元素,消除了铜阳极泥分银渣中的铜、锑、砷等杂质元素对锡测定的干扰。方法加标回收率在99.7%~100%。精密度实验结果表明,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)小于1.1%。操作过程简单,能满足生产的需要。     

ESCA studies of copper oxides and copper molybdates

Valence band, $\text{Cu}\text{2p}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>3</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{,}\text{O}\text{1s,}\text{Mo}\text{3d}$, and Cu L₃M₄₅M₄₅ photoelectron and X-ray-induced Auger spectra were recorded for metallic copper, Cu₂O, CuO, Cu₂Mo₃O₁₀, Cu₆Mo₄O₁₅, CuMoO₄, Cu₃Mo₂O₉, and Cu_3.85Mo₃O₁₂. $\text{Cu}\text{2p}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>3</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}$ binding energy is 0.9 eV lower for Cu⁺-containing molybdates than for Cu₂O and 0.7 eV higher for Cu²⁺-containing molybdates with respect to that of CuO. Calculation of net chemical shift demonstrates the influence of Madelung potential on the binding energy of core electrons. On the basis of differences in binding energy it was possible to distinguish between various Cu-containing phases and to follow the surface redox processes of copper molybdates which, as it was seen, follow the same reactions as in the bulk processes. Auger spectra suggest the presence of a very thin layer of “surface phase” common for all five studied molybdates and independent of bulk structure and composition.     

碘量法测定废杂铜屑中的铜含量

采用硝酸-盐酸溶解样品,在硫酸体系下加入氢溴酸,使得氢溴酸与试样中的砷、锑、锡等元素反应生成易挥发的溴化物,从而消除其干扰,滴定前用氟化氢氨掩蔽铁,在pH=3.0～4.0的范围采用碘量法测定废杂铜屑中的铜含量。用于测定金属样废杂铜屑中铜的含量,测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=7)为0.20%～0.25%,加标回收率在98.8%～101%,方法简单准确,能够满足日常检测需求。     

Release of copper from commercial solid-state copper ion-selective electrodes

The release of copper from two commercial solid-state cupric ion-selective electrodes [Orion 94-29 Cupric Electrode (I) and Radiometer F1112 Selectrode (II)] was measured by immersion in the following media: 0.1M potassium nitrate (pH = 4.7), 0.5M sodium chloride (pH = 4.7) and 0.1M nitric acid. In the 0.1M potassium nitrate medium, the amount of copper released from both electrodes causes interference when they are used for the determination of cupric ion at the 10⁻⁷M level. In comparison with the 0.1M potassium nitrate medium, the copper release in the 0.5M sodium chloride and 0.1M nitric acid media was increased for electrode II but not for electrode I. The release of copper was not affected by removal of oxygen from the media but can be substantially lowered by coating the electrodes with a thin cation-exchange membrane (Nafion). The mechanism of copper dissolution is investigated.     

Synthesis of copper sulphide and copper nanoparticles with microemulsion method

The present work is focused on the synthesis of nanocopper and nanocopper sulphide metallic particles. The precise control of size and shape is best achievable with microemulsion technique, with in situ synthesis in microemulsion. The effect of most crucial operating parameter, water-to-surfactant molar ratio (w), on the product specification including size as well as size distribution and morphology were investigated. The variation of size was observed with variation in w for copper sulphide and copper. Product specifications were analyzed using transmission electron microscope imaging, dynamic light scattering with particle size analyzer and absorption spectra using UV-visible spectrophotometer. It was observed that bigger particles were achieved at higher water-to-surfactant ratio. From systematic study of effect of w on the size and size distribution of copper nanoparticles, the optimum value was chosen for preparation of in situ catalyst. As copper on alumina catalyst has wide catalytic applications of commercial importance, alumina was selected as support. A novel deposition method is developed successfully to deposit the copper nanoparticles from microemulsion on the support. Thus prepared catalyst was analyzed with UV-visible spectrophotometer and found to contain characteristic peak of copper at 655 nm, indicating proper copper deposition on support. XRD analysis of copper on alumina catalyst confirmed presence of metallic copper.     

Direct reduction of copper oxide into copper under hydrothermal conditions

A new preparation method of Cu from CuO under hydrothermal conditions was investigated. Glucose was employed as reducing agent. Results showed that CuO can be reduced easily to Cu° with glucose as reductant at 220?C250 °C with NaOH. The reaction conditions such as reaction time, reaction temperature, sodium hydroxide concentration and water filling played key roles in the purity of the products. The proposed method provides an efficient and green conversion of CuO into Cu° without an expensive and toxic reducing agent at low temperatures.     

The titrimetric determination of copper(I), copper(II) and copper metal in admixture

Summary Copper(I) can be determined in the presence of copper(II) by oxidation with an excess of potassium iodate, the copper(II) being masked with oxalate. The unconsumed iodate is determined iodimetrically and the total copper is then determined on the same solution by demasking with acid and iodide, followed by iodimetric titration. The method can be extended to include elemental copper which can be separated from copper(I) and copper(II) oxides by dissolving the oxides in an ammonium chloride-ascorbic acid solution. The separated copper metal can then be determined by the iodate procedure. The methods are accurate and reproducible and have been applied to the determination of commercial copper(I) chloride, copper powder and partially oxidized copper powder. The relative standard deviation is about 0.35% in the range of 5.8–100 mg of Cu.

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Trimetrische Bestimmung von Kupfer(I), Kupfer(II) und metallischem Kupfer in Gemischen

Zusammenfassung Cu(I) kann in Gegenwart von Cu(II) durch Oxidation mit überschüssigem Kaliumiodat unter Maskierung des Cu(II) mit Oxalat bestimmt werden. Das unverbrauchte Iodat wird iodometrisch erfaßt und anschließend Gesamtkupfer in derselben Lösung iodometrisch nach Demaskierung mit Säure und Iodid bestimmt. Das Verfahren kann noch auf metallisches Kupfer erweitert werden, das von Cu(I)- und Cu(II)-oxiden abgetrennt wird, indem man letztere in Ammoniumchlorid-Ascorbinsäurelösung löst. Das elementare Kupfer wird dann mit Iodat bestimmt. Die Methoden sind genau und reproduzierbar und sind zur Analyse von handelsüblichem Kupfer(I)-chlorid, Kupferpulver und teilweise oxidiertem Kupferpulver angewendet worden. Die relative Standardabweichung liegt im Bereich von 5,8–100 mg Cu bei 0,35%.

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This paper is respectfully dedicated to Professor Dr. Herbert Weisz on the occasion of his 60th birthday.

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The authors are grateful to Emeritus Professor Ronald Belcher for his interest in this work.     

Electrochemistry of copper efflux oxidase-like multicopper oxidases involved in copper homeostasis

Multicopper oxidases are widely studied enzymes catalyzing the oxygen reduction reaction. Among this family, one class belongs to the copper efflux oxidases. They are far less studied in bioelectrochemistry mainly because of the low potential at which they reduce O₂. However, the presence of a specific domain rich in methionine residues covering the first copper electron acceptor induces fundamental issues regarding the electron transfer pathway. In addition, as they are involved in copper homeostasis, the understanding of their catalytic mechanism may have important consequences in therapeutic applications. We present here the last findings reported on copper efflux oxidases based on electrochemical tools. We focus on the proposed roles of the methionine-rich domain in the electron transfer process. Especially, copper binding to this domain and consequences on the interfacial electron transfer process appear to be two fundamental aspects to discuss.     

Polarographic determination of copper, arsenic and arsenic in copper arsenite

A method is proposed in which Cu^II, As^III and As^v can be determined in copper arsenite without prior separation. It is based on the fact that Cu^II and As^III yield prominent, distinguishable, widely-separated cathodic polarographic waves in a 0.1M LiCl-0.01M EDTA—0.001M LiOH solution using a dropping mercury electrode, whereas As^v does not give a wave in this medium. The As^v is determined by difference after reduction with sulphurous acid.     

Ultraviolet spectrophotometric determination of copper in copper ores by flow-injection analysis

A flow-injection analysis (FIA) method for the ultraviolet spectrophotometric determination of copper in copper ores is described. The ore samples are dissolved in concentrated perchloric acid, the excess acid is neutralized with ammonia solution, and the resulting solution is used for the determination of copper. The UV-FIA system is based on the reaction of copper (II) ions with pyrophosphate and subsequent measurement of the absorbance of the dipyrophosphatocuprate (II) complex at 240 nm. The main factors which control the formation of this complex and the FIA variables influencing the system are discussed. The calibration graph is linear from 2-50 ppm copper. At a sampling rate of about 70 samples h(-1) with 50 mul sample injections, precision was about 1% relative standard deviation. Results obtained compare well with those obtained by atomic absorption spectrometry.