单一及复合表面活性剂对联苯菊酯微乳液的影响

通过对单一及复合型表面活性剂水溶液临界胶束浓度(CMC)和表面张力(γcmc)的测定分析,研究了表面活性剂对以水为介质、环己酮为溶剂形成的联苯菊酯质量分数为2.5%微乳液相行为及稳定性的影响.结果表明,在几种单一非离子表面活性剂中,苯乙烯基苯酚聚氧乙烯聚氧丙烯醚嵌段型非离子表面活性剂EPE的γcmc最低,为28.18 mN/m;按m(EPE):m(SDBS)=2∶1形成的复合型表面活性剂水溶液的γcmc更低,为27.60 mN/m,有利于O/W型微乳液的形成,当其质量分数为10%时,配制联苯菊酯质量分数为2.5%微乳液的有效成分热贮分解率为2.35%.     

一种新型有机硅表面活性剂提高药液润湿性能的研究

研究了w(阿维菌素)=3%微乳剂,w(仲丁威)=15%微乳剂稀释液在一种含葡萄糖酰胺基的有机硅表面活性剂存在时的表面张力和接触角。对于阿维菌素微乳剂稀释液,当有机硅表面活性剂质量分数由0增加到0.0014%时,表面张力由32.4mN/m迅速降低到20.4mN/m。对于仲丁威微乳剂稀释液,当有机硅表面活性剂质量分数由0增加到0.014%时,表面张力由30.4 mN/m迅速降低到22.1mN/m,之后继续增加有机硅表面活性剂质量分数,表面张力基本不变。阿维菌素微乳剂稀释液接触小麦叶面瞬间的接触角(95°),比在梨树叶面的接触角(64°)高。稀释液在植物叶面的接触角随时间的推移和有机硅表面活性剂质量分数的增加而减小,并且稀释液在梨树叶面比小麦叶面润湿铺展快得多。     

表面活性剂的协同作用在甲维盐微乳剂中的应用

通过测定不同类型的单一及复配型表面活性剂水溶液的临界胶束浓度和表面张力,研究了它对W(甲维盐)=1%微乳剂的性能影响。膦酸酯类阴离子表面活性剂A的临界胶束浓度为1.79×10-4mol/L,表面张力为28.90mN/m;苯乙烯基酚聚氧乙烯聚氧丙烯醚嵌段型非离子表面活性剂B(EPE型)的临界胶束浓度为1.91×10-4mol/L,表面张力为20.70mN/m;按m(A)∶m(B)=2∶3形成的复配型表面活性剂2#的水溶液的临界胶束浓度为9.30×10-5mol/L,表面张力为25.66mN/m。当W(2#)=10%时,配制W(甲维盐)=1%的微乳剂物理稳定性最佳,各项指标均合格。对甘蓝小菜蛾幼虫的田间药效的试验,结果表明该药剂具有较强的杀虫作用和较长的持效期,具有较好的推广应用前景。     

CMC系列高分子表面活性剂与原油超低界面张力形成机理的研究

采用动态激光光散射及环境扫描电镜研究了羧甲基纤维素系列高分子表面活性剂与大庆原油形成超低界面张力的机理.结果表明,CMC系列高分子表面活性剂具有与低分子量表面活性剂相比拟的表/界面活性,其水溶液的表面张力可达2835mN/m,界面张力达到10^-110mN/m.碱的加入可显著降低高分子表面活性剂与原油的界面张力,在适当条件下界面张力达到超低值(10^-3mN/m),可望作为三次采油的驱油剂.等效烷烃模型研究表明,用碱与原油酸性组分的作用来解释碱能使界面张力下降至超低值的传统观点是不完善的,加入碱能使高分子表面活性剂胶束解缔,胶束数量增多,胶束粒径减小,单分子自由链增加,有利于高分子表面活性剂向界面迁移和排布,这是高分子表面活性剂和碱复配体系与原油界面张力下降至超低值的主要原因.     

可聚合型琥珀酸聚氧乙烯醚酯磺酸钠的合成与性能

以马来酸酐、烷基醇及烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚、氯代烯烃、亚硫酸氢钠为主要原料,经过单酯化、双酯化、磺化反应合成了两系列具有非离子结构的琥珀酸双酯磺酸钠阴离子型可聚合表面活性剂——琥珀酸聚氧乙烯醚酯磺酸钠,并测试了性能和进行聚合反应。经IR和1H NMR表征,目标化合物均符合相应的结构特征。与传统表面活性剂相比,两系列目标化合物均具有较低的临界胶束浓度(0.17mol/m3~0.32mol/m3),较低的表面张力(34.70mN/m~40.20mN/m),目标化合物发泡力和分散力大大提高,而乳化力稍有下降;在乳液聚合中,使用琥珀酸聚氧乙烯醚酯磺酸钠既能提高乳液的固含量又能使乳液粒子的粒径更小,分布更窄。     

新型非离子性嵌段型聚氨酯表面活性剂的合成及其表面活性研究

本文以异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯、聚醚为主要原料,通过逐步聚合得到新型非离子性两、三嵌段型聚氨酯表面活性剂(Di/Tri-PUn),使用红外光谱及1HNMR对其结构进行了表征,并用表面张力仪对其表面活性进行了测定。实验结果表明,所制备出的六种非离子性两、三嵌段型聚氨酯表面活性剂均具有较低的临界胶束浓度(其中Di-PUn系列临界胶束浓度数量级可达10-6),产物Di-PU34水溶液在室温下的表面张力最低可达33.7mN/m,并且在浓度很低时仍具备较好的降低表面张力的能力。     

拥挤环境中表面活性剂胶束化过程的低场核磁共振研究

利用长弛豫低场核磁共振(LF-NMR)方法研究了由聚乙二醇(PEG)构建的拥挤溶液环境中表面活性剂的聚集行为。通过Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill(CPMG)脉冲序列所得的回波数据及反演拟合数据对不同的表面活性剂-PEG体系进行分析,结果发现:不同分子量和不同浓度的PEG溶液可用低场核磁共振方法进行区分;高浓度的PEG溶液中均能监测到胶束形成过程,而较低浓度的PEG溶液不利于其胶束化过程监测;NaCl对含有离子型表面活性剂体系的影响较为明显,而对含有非离子型表面活性剂的体系几乎无影响。该研究丰富了低场核磁共振弛豫技术在表面活性剂胶束表征过程中的应用,同时对理解生物体系中分子的自组装及功能也具有重要意义。     

系列十二烷基二甲苯基磺酸钠的合成与表面性能

以酰氯、邻二甲苯为原料,经傅-克酰基化反应、格氏反应、还原反应、磺化及中和5步反应,合成了6种结构明确的十二烷基二甲苯基磺酸钠异构体。用FT-IR、ESI-MS和1HNMR测试技术鉴定了中间产物和最终产物的结构。用滴体积法测定表面活性剂水溶液25℃时的表面张力,从而确定其临界胶束浓度,研究了支链结构对其表面性质的影响。6种表面活性剂(化合物Ⅰ～Ⅵ)的临界胶束浓度CMC(mmol/L)和表面张力γCMC(mN/m)分别为:Ⅰ0.25和30.00;Ⅱ0.50和28.21;Ⅲ0.79和28.10;Ⅳ1.00和27.01;Ⅴ2.00和26.41;Ⅵ2.50和26.40。结果表明,随着苯环由边缘移动至长链烷基的中间,表面活性剂的CMC增高,γCMC减小。     

聚合物对非离子十二烷基聚氧乙烯聚氧丙烯醚浊点的影响

测定了水溶性高分子聚乙二醇(PEC1000、PEG2000、PEG6000)和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP-K30、PVP-K90)对三种非离子表面活性剂十二烷基聚氧乙烯聚氧丙烯醚C12H25O(EO)m(PO)nH(LS36,m=3,n=6;LS5,m=4,n=5;LS54,m=5,n=4)浊点的影响.结果表明,聚乙二醇(PEG)可使三种表面活性剂水溶液浊点降低;而聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)随其浓度增加,表面活性剂溶液浊点先升高然后又下降;浊点下降程度与聚合物浓度和分子量有关.     

新型聚合硼酸酯表面活性剂PBE的合成及其性能

以偶氮二异丁腈为引发剂,用N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺、硼酸三乙酯和N,N-二羟乙基十二烷基胺直接聚合合成了新型聚合硼酸酯表面活性剂PBE。采用红外光谱、核磁共振和凝胶色谱测试技术对其进行了结构表征;考察了PBE及其硼酸酯单体MBE的抗水解性、热稳定性、乳化力等性能,并由表面张力测定研究了PBE在不同溶液pH值下的表面性质。结果表明,由直接聚合合成反应,经提纯后可得白色或淡黄色固体粉末PBE,反应收率为77.2%,产物重均分子量可达Mw=28400g/mol。PBE抗水解性能强,热分解温度可达320℃,稳定性相比单体MBE有所提高。PBE的HLB值在10~13,其对石蜡油、松节油、甲苯和石油醚的乳化力明显优于单体MBE和乳化剂Tween-85。在25℃时,随溶液pH值的增大,PBE临界胶束浓度CMC明显降低,pH值在6~7时,CMC降低幅度最大,但溶液pH对γCMC影响较小;其中pH=7时,PBE临界胶束浓度CMC达到0.12g/L,γCMC为31.2mN/m,其表面活性与常规低分子量表面活性剂的应用水平相似,而优于聚乙烯醇、聚氧化乙烯-氧化丙烯嵌段共聚物Pluronic104等常规高分子表面活性剂。     

p-全氟壬烯氧基苯磺酸聚乙二醇酯表面活性剂的合成及表面活性

以p-全氟壬烯氧基苯磺酰氯（PFNPSC）和聚乙二醇(PEG-n)为原料,合成了p-全氟壬烯氧基苯磺酸聚乙二醇酯（PFNPS-PEG-n）,用IR和19F NMR对产物结构进行了表征。 考察了聚乙二醇平均相对分子质量和反应时间对反应的影响,测定了PFNPS-PEG-n水溶液的表面活性、泡沫性能和乳化性能。 结果表明,以PEG-600为原料得到的PFNPS-PEG-n表面活性最高,其较优的合成工艺条件为：四氯化碳为溶剂,三乙胺为缚酸剂,n(PEG-600)∶n(PFNPSC)=1∶1,在40 ℃下反应6～8 h,产物PFNPS-PEG-600临界胶束浓度（CMC）为0.56 g/L,表面张力γCMC可达19.1 mN/m;20 mL 1 g/L PFNPS-PEG-600水溶液的泡沫体积95 mL,泡沫半衰期75 s。 PFNPS-PEG-1000的乳化性能最佳。     

Innovative amphiphilic cellulose nanobiostructures: Physicochemical,spectroscopic, morphological,and hydrophilic/lipophilic properties

The amphiphilic character of cellulosic copolymers offers the opportunity to employ their derivatives as novel bio-friendly stable amphiphilic agents. It can be speculated that the synthesized nanobiostructures with hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments will have micellar features. Our investigations, for the first time, demonstrate that the amphiphilic nature of the synthesized macromolecules based on hydrophobic cellulose triacetate (CTA) and hydroxyl terminated oligomeric species of CTA (HCTA) by using hydrophilic polyethylene glycol (PEG) with M_n 600 and 2000 D as CTA-g-PEG, 600; CTA-g-PEG, 2000; HCTA-b-PEG, 600; and HCTA-b-PEG, 2000. The characteristic features of the copolymers were determined by XRD, differential scanning calorimeter, ¹H NMR, FTIR, GPC, dynamic light scattering measurements, and transmission electron microscopy. In addition, their critical micelle concentrations were evaluated. The obtained results indicated that the hydrophobic blocks make a significant influence on the micellar characteristics of the surfactants. A comparison of the micellar behavior of a hydrophobic species, like pyrene, incorporated in the synthesized systems indicated that the incorporation content of the surfactants is influenced by the hydrophobic and hydrophilic chain lengths. Therefore, it is possible to design the diversity of the surfactants based on various hydrophilic/lipophilic balance.     

Effect of D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) on surfactant monolayers

In the present study, the effects of an amphiphilic polymer, d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) on model surfactant monolayers dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), a binary mixture of DPPC with palmitoyloleoyl phosphatidylglycerol (DPPC-POPG) 9:1 (w/w) and binary mixture of DPPC and oleic acid (DPPC-OA) were evaluated. The ability of TPGS to act as an antioxidant adjuvant for pulmonary surfactants was also evaluated. Compression isotherms of surfactant monolayers at 37 °C in a Langmuir-Blodgett trough showed that DPPC and DPPC:TPGS mixed monolayers (1:0.25-1:1, w/w) exhibited low minimum surface tensions (MST) of 1-2 mN/m. Similarly [DPPC:POPG (9:1, w/w)]:TPGS mixed films of 1:0.25-1:1 weight ratios reached 1-2 mN/m MST. DPPC:POPG:TPGS liposomes adsorbed to surface tensions of 29-31 mN/m within 1s. While monolayers of DPPC:OA (1:1, w/w) reached high MST of ～11 mN/m, DPPC:OA:TPGS (1:1:0.25, w/w) film reached near zero MST suggesting that low concentrations of TPGS reverses the effect of OA on DPPC monolayer. Capillary surfactometer studies showed DPPC:TPGS and [DPPC:POPG (9:1, w/w)]:TPGS liposomes maintained 84-95% airway patency. Fluorescence spectroscopy of Laurdan loaded DPPC:TPGS and DPPC:POPG:TPGS liposomes revealed no segregation of lipid domains in the lipid bilayer. Addition of TPGS to soybean liposome significantly reduced thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) by 29-39% confirming its antioxidant nature. The results suggest a potential use of TPGS as an adjuvant to improve the surfactant activity as well as act as an antioxidant by scavenging free radicals.     

系列磺丁基甜菜碱的表征及表面活性

用FT-IR、1H NMR和元素分析对自制的3种磺丁基甜菜碱(SBm-4)的结构进行了表征,研究了它们的表面性能、泡沫性能和乳化性能。 获得SB12-4的cmc为2.20×10-3 mol/L,γcmc为31.48 mN/m;SB14-4的cmc为2.80×10-4 mol/L,γcmc为29.68 mN/m;SB16-4的cmc为2.30×10-5 mol/L,γcmc为32.06 mN/m。 3种磺丁基甜菜碱的cmc值随着烷基链长增加逐渐减小,γcmc先减小后增加,三者的起泡性随浓度增加而增加,到一定值后保持不变;泡沫稳定性随浓度增加逐渐增强,起泡性随着温度的增加有缓慢增加趋势,泡沫稳定性随温度增加逐渐降低。 3种表面活性剂的乳化能力随浓度增加先增加后降低。     

Adsorption and elektrokinetic properties of the system: carboxymethylcellulose/manganese oxide/surfactant

The adsorption of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) in the presence of the surfactants: anionic SDS, nonionic polyethylene glycol p-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-phenyl ether (Triton X-100) and their mixtures SDS/polyethylene glycol p-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-phenyl ether with different molar ratios (1:1; 1:3 and 3:1) from the electrolyte solutions (NaCl, CaCl₂) on the manganese dioxide surface (MnO₂) was studied. In every measured system the increase of CMC adsorption in the presence of surfactants was observed. This increase was the smallest in the presence of SDS, a bit larger in the presence of polyethylene glycol p-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-phenyl ether and the largest when the mixtures of SDS/polyethylene glycol p-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-phenyl ether were used. Among the measured mixtures, the mixture of SDS/polyethylene glycol p-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-phenyl ether with the molar ratio 1:3 caused the largest increase of CMC adsorption amount. These results are a consequence of formation of complexes between the carboxymethylcellulose macromolecules and the surfactant molecules. In order to determine the electrokinetic properties of the system the surface charge density of MnO₂ and the zeta potential measurements were conducted in the presence of the CMC macromolecules and the surfactants. The obtained data showed that the adsorption of CMC or CMC/surfactants complexes on the manganese dioxide surface strongly influences the structure of the electric double layer MnO₂/electrolyte solution.     

Universal method for the determination of nonionic surfactant content in the presence of protein

A new analytical method has been developed for the quantitative determination of ethylene glycol‐containing nonionic surfactants, such as polyethylene glycol 8000, polysorbate 80, and Pluronic F‐68. These surfactants are commonly used in pharmaceutical protein preparations, thus, testing in the presence of protein is required. This method is based on the capillary gas chromatographic analysis of ethylene glycol diacetate formed by hydrolysis and acetylation of surfactants that contain ethylene glycol. Protein samples containing free surfactants were hydrolyzed and acetylated with acetic anhydride in the presence of p‐toluene sulfonic acid. Acetylated ethylene glycol was extracted with dichloromethane and analyzed by gas chromatography using a flame ionization detector. The amount of nonionic surfactant in the sample was determined by comparing the released ethylene glycol diacetate signal to that measured from calibration standards. The limits of quantitation of the method were 5.0 μg/mL for polyethylene glycol 8000 and Pluronic F‐68, and 50 μg/mL for polysorbate 80. This method can be applied to determine the polyethylene glycol content in PEGylated proteins or the final concentration of polysorbate 80 in a protein drug in a quality control environment.     

Self-assembly and electrochromic property of electroactive tetraaniline-<Emphasis Type="Italic">b</Emphasis>-PEG diblock copolymer

A kind of amphiphilic rod-coil diblock copolymer consisting both of tetraaniline (TAni) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) blocks, TAni-b-PEG, was synthesized. The diblock copolymer shows excellent electrochromic properties, especially, in switching time and coloration efficiency compared with tetraaniline. TAni-b-PEG is able to self-assemble into spherical structure, which is attributed to the formation of conducting channels and increase of ion-exchange capacity of TAni-b-PEG, implying that a block copolymer with electrochromic block and high ionic conductive block simultaneously possesses improving electrochromic properties.     

官能化硅胶负载Pd—Cu催化剂的制备及催化芳香氯化物水相脱氯作用

将聚乙烯吡烷酮（PVP）与双金属Pd^2 、Cu^2 配位后,再负载于用平均分子量为600的聚乙二醇（PEG）官能化的硅胶上（SiO2-PEG600),制成一种新型双负载双金属催化剂PVP-PdCl2-CuCl2/SiO2-PEG600,将其用于催化难溶于水的芳香卤化物水相脱卤,在无需加入任何有机溶剂的情况下,对芳香氯化物呈现出高的脱氯活性和选择性,并具有良好的重复使用性能。通过IR、TEM、比表面积测定等手段,探讨了催化剂各组分在催化脱卤中的作用及可能的催化脱卤机理。     

Synthesis of novel oil-soluble fluorinated surfactants via Wittig-Horner reaction

In this paper, the synthesis and characterization of novel oil-soluble fluorinated surfactants were reported. Both Wittig and Wittig-Horner reaction were used for constructing the perfluorinated branch-chain structure, and the latter provided a better method through a three-step synthesis route which was easy worked up and low cost. The surface tension of novel products in toluene, n-hexane and nitromethane with concentrations of 0.1?mol/L, 0.05?mol/L, 0.025?mol/L, 0.0125?mol/L, 0.00625?mol/L and 0?mol/L were examined. The surface tension research of these surfactants showed that they can reduce the surface tension of organic reagents dramatically. For example, compound 1e can reduce the surface tension of nitromethane from 36.6?mN/m to 24.2?mN/m in the concentration of 0.1?mol/L, and the surface tension of toluene was reduced from 28.0?mN/m to 22.7?mN/m when the concentration of compound 1a was 0.1?mol/L.