As(Ⅴ)在TiO2表面的吸附机理

用延展X射线吸收精细结构(EXAFS)光谱和密度泛函理论(DFT)研究了As(Ⅴ)-TiO2体系的吸附机理.离子强度变化对As(Ⅴ)-TiO2体系吸附无显著影响,表明吸附后形成了内层络合物.EXAFS结果表明,As(Ⅴ)原子主要通过-AsO4上的O原子结合到TiO2表面上,平均As-O原子间距(R)在吸附前后无明显变化,保持在(0.169±0.001)nm.As-Ti层的EXAFS分析结果与DFT计算的吸附构型的As-Ti原子间距对照表明,体系存在两种主要亚稳平衡吸附(MEA)结构,即对应于R1=(0.321±0.002)nm的双角(DC)强吸附构型和R2=(0.360±0.002)nm的单角(SC)弱吸附构型.而且随着吸附量由9.79 mg·g-1增加至28.0 mg·g-1,吸附样品中双角构型配位数与单角构型配位数的比值(CN1/CN2)从3.3降低到1.6,说明双角亚稳平衡吸附结构在低覆盖度时占优势,而在高表面覆盖度时单角亚稳平衡吸附结构占优势,即在表面覆盖度较大时,As(Ⅴ)在TiO2表面上倾向于形成单角构型.     

Zn(Ⅱ)在TiO2表面上的微观吸附模式研究

用延展X射线吸收精细结构(EXAFS)技术并结合密度泛函理论(DFT)研究了Zn(Ⅱ)在锐钛型TiO2表面上微观吸附结构。EXAFS结果表明, Zn(Ⅱ)在吸附时由自由水合状态下的Zn—O六配位八面体结构向四配位四面体结构转化, 中心Zn原子的第二配位层存在两种不同的Zn—Ti距离(R1=0.371和R2=0.332 nm). 用DFT方法对四配位水合Zn离子在簇Ti2O11H14上进行优化后发现, 四配位的Zn—O平均距离为0.200 nm; 外层Zn—Ti结合存在两种稳定的吸附模式: 单角吸附模式和更加稳定的双角吸附模式, 其Zn—Ti距离分别为0.369和0.335 nm. EXAFS结果与DFT计算结果吻合, 说明Zn(Ⅱ)在锐钛型TiO2表面上存在不同的亚稳平衡态吸附结构.     

温度对Zn(II)-TiO2体系吸附可逆性的影响

用延展X射线吸收精细结构光谱(EXAFS)研究了不同温度对Zn(II)-锐钛矿型TiO2吸附产物微观构型和吸附可逆性的影响机制. 宏观的吸附-解吸实验表明, 不同温度下的吸附等温线可以用Langmuir 模型进行较好的描述(R2≥0.990). 随温度升高, 吸附等温线显著升高, Zn(II)在TiO2表面的饱和吸附量由5 ℃时的0.125 mmol·g-1增至40 ℃时的0.446 mmol·g-1; 而体系的不可逆性明显减弱, 解吸滞后角θ由32.85°减至8.64°. 求得体系反应的热力学参数⊿H、⊿S分别为24.55 kJ·mol-1 和159.13 J·mol-1·K-1. EXAFS结果表明, Zn(II)主要是通过共用水合Zn(II)离子及TiO2表面上的O原子结合到TiO2表面上,其平均Zn-O原子间距为RZn-O=(0.199±0.001) nm. 第二配位层(Zn-Ti 层)的EXAFS图谱分析结果表明, 存在两个典型的Zn-Ti 原子间距, 即R1=(0.325±0.001) nm (边-边结合的强吸附)和R2=(0.369±0.001) nm(角-角结合的弱吸附). 随温度升高, 强吸附比例(CN1)基本不变而弱吸附比例(CN2)增加, 两者比值(CN1/CN2)逐渐减小. 该比值的变化从微观角度解释了宏观实验中温度升高, 不可逆性减弱的吸附现象.     

温度对Zn(II)-TiO_2体系吸附可逆性的影响

用延展X射线吸收精细结构光谱(EXAFS)研究了不同温度对Zn(Ⅱ)-锐钛矿型TiO2吸附产物微观构型和吸附可逆性的影响机制.宏观的吸附-解吸实验表明,不同温度下的吸附等温线可以用Langmuir模型进行较好的描述(R2≥0.990).随温度升高,吸附等温线显著升高,Zn(Ⅱ)在TiO2表面的饱和吸附量由5℃时的0.125mmol·g-1增至40℃时的0.446mmol·g-1;而体系的不可逆性明显减弱,解吸滞后角θ由32.85°减至8.64°.求得体系反应的热力学参数ΔH、ΔS分别为24.55kJ·mol-1和159.13J·mol-1·K-1.EXAFS结果表明,Zn(Ⅱ)主要是通过共用水合Zn(II)离子及TiO2表面上的O原子结合到TiO2表面上,其平均Zn-O原子间距为RZn-O=(0.199±0.001)nm.第二配位层(Zn-Ti层)的EXAFS图谱分析结果表明,存在两个典型的Zn-Ti原子间距,即R1=(0.325±0.001)nm(边-边结合的强吸附)和R2=(0.369±0.001)nm(角-角结合的弱吸附).随温度升高,强吸附比例(CN1)基本不变而弱吸附比例(CN2)增加,两者比值(CN1/CN2)逐渐减小.该比值的变化从微观角度解释了宏观实验中温度升高,不可逆性减弱的吸附现象.     

用EXAFS研究pH对Zn(Ⅱ)-TiO2体系吸附和微观构型的影响

应用延展X射线吸收精细结构(EXAFS)方法, 研究了不同pH对Zn(Ⅱ)在锐钛矿型TiO2表面吸附产物的微观构型的影响. 宏观的吸附-解吸实验表明, 随着pH值由5.8增大至6.8, 吸附等温线明显升高, Freundlich吸附常数由1.345 L/g增加到15.385 L/g; 而体系的不可逆性逐渐降低, 不可逆吸附系数(TⅡ)由0.43降低到0.23. 不同pH条件下吸附样品的EXAFS结果表明, Zn(Ⅱ)主要通过共用水合离子及TiO2表面的O原子结合到TiO2表面上, 第一配位层(Zn—O层)原子间距和配位数随着pH值增大逐渐降低, Zn(Ⅱ)在TiO2表面吸附形态从六配位向四配位转化;第二配位层(Zn—Ti层)分析结果表明, 存在2个典型的Zn—Ti原子间距, 即R1=0.319~0.334 nm(双齿方式结合的强吸附)和R2=0.366~0.378 nm(单齿方式结合的弱吸附), 随着pH值的升高, 强吸附位(CN1)逐渐减少而弱吸附位(CN2)逐渐增加, 其比值由2.12降低至0.89, 从而导致其在高pH值的条件下吸附量和可逆性明显增大. EXAFS结果从分子水平说明了该体系在不同pH值条件下表现出的可逆性差异是由于微观吸附状态不同所致.     

一氧化碳共吸附法确定叔丁胺分子在Cu(111)表面的吸附位

采用扫描隧道显微镜(STM)和密度泛函理论(DFT)研究了78 K时单个叔丁胺分子在Cu(111)表面的吸附位. 我们提出以共吸附的一氧化碳√3 ×√3 超结构为基底铜原子的标识方法, 确定了低覆盖度的叔丁胺分子在Cu(111)表面的吸附位为顶位. 而采用单个一氧化碳分子标识基底铜原子的位置, 同样得出了叔丁胺分子的吸附位为顶位. 此外, 还采用DFT计算叔丁胺分子在Cu(111)表面的优势吸附构型. 理论计算结果表明顶位吸附构型为能量最稳定的构型, 与实验结果相吻合.     

乙炔和乙烯分子在Ge(001)表面吸附的第一性原理研究

采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法和平板模型研究了乙炔和乙烯分子在Ge(001)表面的吸附构型和电子结构. 通过系统考察一系列可能存在的吸附方式, 结果表明, 在0.5 monolayer(ML)覆盖度时, 两种分子的di-σ吸附构型最为稳定; 在覆盖度为1.0 ML时的最稳定吸附方式是paired end-bridge构型. 能带结构分析结果可知, 吸附构型以及吸附分子的覆盖度均对Ge(001)表面带隙有较大影响, 其原因在于费米能级附近的能带主要来自表面二聚体的Ge原子, 它们与表面Ge原子的配位环境密切相关, 而后者又取决于分子的吸附方式和覆盖度. 对于相同的吸附方式, 乙烯和乙炔分子具有类似的吸附行为和电子结构. 此外, 还进一步与Si(001)表面的研究结果进行对比.     

周期性密度泛函理论研究氯气在CuCl(111)表面上的吸附与解离

运用广义梯度密度泛函理论(Generalized Gradient Approximation，GGA)的PBE(Perdew-Burke-Ernzerh)方法结合周期性平板模型，研究了氯气分子和氯原子在CuCl(111)表面上的吸附。通过对不同吸附位和不同单层覆盖度下的吸附能和几何构型参数的计算和比较发现：氯气分子在CuCl(111)表面的吸附为解离吸附；单层覆盖度为0.50时的吸附构型为稳定的吸附构型；氯气分子平行吸附在CuCl(111)表面时最稳定，吸附能最大，达364.5 kJ·mol^-1；伸缩振动频率的计算结果表明，吸附后的氯气分子的伸缩振动频率与自由氯气分子的伸缩振动频率相比，都发生了红移；布居分析结果表明整个吸附体系发生了由Cu原子向氯气分子的电荷转移。氯原子吸附的计算结果显示氯原子以穴位稳定的吸附在CuCl(111)表面。     

氢原子吸附的Cu(100)表面原子结构和电子态

用密度泛函理论的总能计算研究了金属铜(100)面的表面原子结构以及在不同覆盖度时氢原子的吸附状态. 研究结果表明, 在Cu(100)c(2×2)/H表面体系中, 氢原子吸附的位置是在空洞位置, 距最外层Cu原子层的距离为0.052 nm, 相应的Cu—H键长为0.189 nm, 并通过计算结构参数优化否定了其它的吸附位置模型. 总能计算得出Cu(100)c(2×2)/H表面的功函数为4.47 eV, 氢原子在这一体系的吸附能为2.37 eV(以孤立氢原子为能量参考点). 通过与衬底原子的杂化, 氢原子形成了具有二维特征的氢能带结构, 在费米能级以下约0.8 eV处出现的表面局域态是Cu(S)-H-Cu(S-1)型杂化的结果. 采用Cu(100)表面p(1×1)、p(2×2)和p(3×3)的三种氢吸附结构分别模拟1, 1/4, 1/9的原子单层覆盖度, 计算结果表明, 随着覆盖度的增加, 被吸附的氢原子之间的距离变短, 使得它们之间的静电排斥和静电能增大, 从而导致表面吸附能和吸附H原子与最外层Cu原子间垂直距离(ZH-Cu)逐渐减小. 在较低的覆盖度下, 氢原子对Cu(100)表面的影响主要表现为单个原子吸附作用的形式. 通过总能计算还排除了Cu(100)表面(根号2×2根号2)R45°-2H缺列再构吸附模型的可能性.     

氢原子在Ti(0001)表面吸附的密度泛函理论研究

用密度泛函理论研究了氢原子的污染对于Ti(0001)表面结构的影响. 通过PAW总能计算研究了p(1×1)、p(1×2)、3^1/2×3^1/2R30[deg]和p(2×2)等几种氢原子覆盖度下的吸附结构, 以及在上述结构下Ti(0001)面fcc格点和hcp格点的氢原子吸附. 结果表明, 在p(1×1)-H、p(1×2)-H、3^1/2×3^1/2R30[deg]-H和p(2×2)-H几种H原子覆盖度下, 以p(1×1)-H结构的单个氢原子吸附能为最大. 在p(1×1)-H吸附结构下, 由于氢原子吸附导致的Ti(0001)表面Ti原子层收缩的理论计算数值分别为-2.85%(hcp吸附)和-4.31%(fcc吸附), 因此实际上最有可能的情况是两种吸附方式都有一定的几率. 而实验中观察到的所谓“清洁”Ti(0001)表面实际上是有少量氢原子污染的表面. 不同覆盖度和氢分压下, 氢原子吸附的污染对Ti(0001)表面结构有极大的影响, 其表面的各种特性都会随覆盖度的不同而产生相应的变化.     

EXAFS and DFT studies of microscopic structure with different density upon Zn(II) adsorption on anatase TiO2

Microscopic structures of Zn(II) adsorbed on anatase TiO₂ surface with different densities were studied using extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculation. Quantitative analysis of the EXAFS spectra showed that microscopic structures of Zn(II) were fourfold coordinated complexes, and different microscopic structures were present of the solid surface. Three modes of corner–corner/sharing-corner/sharing-edge adsorptions on anatase (101) face cluster were calculated by the DFT method. The results from DFT method were consistent with the EXAFS fittings. The optimized Zn–O average distance of the Zn–O tetrahedron was determined as about 2.00 Å. The Zn–Ti distance was 3.69 Å for the corner–corner adsorption, 3.35 Å for the sharing-corner adsorption, and 3.02 Å for the sharing-edge adsorption. According to the adsorption energies calculated by the DFT method, the microscopic structure of corner–corner adsorption was less stable than those of the other adsorption modes. With the increasing adsorption density, the corner–corner adsorption mode would be enhanced more intensively than the other adsorption modes.     

Arsenate adsorption on ruthenium oxides: A spectroscopic and kinetic investigation

Arsenate adsorption on amorphous (RuO(2)1.1H(2)O) and crystalline (RuO(2)) ruthenium oxides was evaluated using spectroscopic and kinetic methods to elucidate the adsorption mechanism. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS) was used to determine the local coordination environment of adsorbed arsenate. Additionally, pressure-jump (p-jump) relaxation spectroscopy was used to investigate the kinetics of arsenate adsorption/desorption on ruthenium oxides. Chemical relaxations resulting from the induced pressure change were monitored via electrical conductivity detection. EXAFS data were collected for two initial arsenate solution concentrations, 3 and 33 mM at pH 5. The collected spectra indicated a similar coordination environment for arsenate adsorbed to RuO(2)1.1H(2)O for both arsenate concentrations. In contrast the EXAFS spectra of RuO(2) indicated differences in the local coordination environments for the crystalline material with increasing arsenate concentration. Data analysis indicated that both mono- and bidentate surfaces complexes were present on both RuO(2)1.1H(2)O and RuO(2). Relaxation spectra from the pressure-jump experiments of both ruthenium oxides resulted in a double relaxation event. Based on the relaxation spectra, a two step reaction mechanism for arsenate adsorption is proposed resulting in the formation of a bidentate surface complex. Analysis of the kinetic and spectroscopic data suggested that while there were two relaxation events, arsenate adsorbed to ruthenium oxide surfaces through both mono- and bidentate surface complexes.     

EXAFS studies on adsorption-desorption reversibility at manganese oxides-water interfaces. I. Irreversible adsorption of zinc onto manganite (gamma-MnOOH)

Microscopic structures of Zn(II) surface complexes adsorbed at the manganite (gamma-MnOOH)-water interface were studied using extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. Quantitative analysis of the first sphere showed that, in a 0.1 M NaNO(3) solution of pH 7.5, Zn(II) was adsorbed as a mixture of tetrahedral and octahedral structure (ZnO(4,6) polyhedra) and the average Zn-O distance was 2.00+/-0.01 A. EXAFS analysis of the second sphere showed that two typical atomic Zn-Mn distances of 3.07+/-0.01 and 3.52+/-0.02 A existed in the surface complexes, indicating that there were two types of linkage, i.e., the edge-linkage of high affinity and the corner-linkage of low affinity, between the ZnO(4,6) polyhedra and the MnO(6) octahedra of the manganite. Macroscopic adsorption-desorption experiments showed that adsorption of Zn(II) onto manganite was largely irreversible and the stronger edge-linkage mode was found to be responsible for the adsorption irreversibility. This result provided direct evidence from the molecular level for the basic hypothesis of the metastable-equilibrium adsorption (MEA) theory that adsorption density is not a thermodynamic state variable because a given value of adsorption density could have different values of chemical potential, depending on the proportion between the edge and corner linkage modes.     

PFOS在锐钛型TiO2表面吸附行为的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)B3LYP方法对全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)在锐钛型TiO2表面的化学吸附和物理吸附行为进行了研究,其中化学吸附包含双齿双核(BB)和单齿单核(MM)在内的4种可能的吸附构型.吸附能(Eads)及反应吉布斯自由能(ΔGads)的计算结果表明,PFOS分子易于与TiO2表面发生氢键作用吸附;化学吸附表现为PFOS分子与TiO2表面的水分子(H2O)和羟基(—OH)反应,且与取代—OH相比,H2O取代相对更容易发生,其中,MM1构型(取代一个表面水分子)为化学吸附中的优势构型.PFOS在锐钛矿表面吸附的热力学稳定性和反应自发性顺序如下:H-Bonded(氢键吸附)>MM1(取代一个表面水分子)>BB1(取代两个表面水分子)>MM2(取代一个表面羟基)>BB2(取代一个表面水分子和一个表面羟基).成键结构分析表明,TiO2表面H2O/—OH官能团与PFOS上的磺酸基之间形成了中等强度的氢键;在化学吸附过程中,电荷从PFOS分子向TiO2表面发生转移,生成Ti—O—S化学键,电荷转移主要来自PFOS分子的O和F原子.     

EXAFS研究不同酸度下Zn2+在水锰矿表面的吸附和沉淀

用EXAFS(extended X-ray absorption fine structure)研究了pH 7.00、7.50、8.00时Zn(II)在水锰矿表面的吸附和沉淀. Zn第一层配位Zn—O距离约为0.202 nm, 不随pH变化, 表明Zn的构型为四面体和八面体的混合物. 在pH 7.00 条件下, Zn—Mn距离约为0.300 nm, Zn主要以双边形式吸附在水锰矿(010)或(110)面. pH 7.50和pH 8.00时, 大部分的Zn在表面形成了结构类似于沉淀样品的多核羟基络合物, 其中0.311 nm Zn—Zn距离对应两个Zn八面体连接, 而0.353 nm Zn—Zn距离对应Zn八面体和Zn四面体连接.     

Highly active TiO2N photocatalysts prepared by treating TiO2 precursors in NH3/ethanol fluid under supercritical conditions

N-doped TiO2 photocatalysts were prepared by pretreating the TiO2 precursor in NH3/ethanol fluid under supercritical conditions, denoted as TiO2N(SC). In contrast to the TiO2N(DC), obtained via direct calcination in which the N dopants were mainly present in the form of surface adsorbed NH3 molecules, most N dopants in the TiO2N(SC) were present in O-Ti-N and N-Ti-N nitrides, as confirmed by either the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and or the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. During liquid-phase oxidative degradation of phenol under irradiation with UV light characteristic of 365 nm, the TiO2N(SC) exhibited much higher activity than either the TiO2N(DC) or the TiO2(SC), i.e., the undoped TiO2 obtained under SCs. According to various characterizations including X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, FTIR, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, XPS, and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra, the higher activity of the TiO2N(SC) could be attributed to its higher surface area, larger pore volume, well-crystallized anatase, and stronger absorbance of light with longer wavelength. Meanwhile, the OH species resulted from the nitridation of TiO2 could supply more HO* radicals, which were considered as powerful oxidants during phenol degradation. Furthermore, the electron-deficient nitrogen atoms in O-Ti-N nitrides could also account for the higher activity since it could inhibit the recombination between the photoinduced electrons and holes by capturing the photoinduced electrons. The activity of the TiO2N(SC) first increased and then decreased with the increase of the N-content. The TiO2N(SC)-1 with N/Ti molar ratio of 1.73% exhibited maximum activity, which was even much higher than P-25.     

Kinetic and DFT studies on the Ag/TiO2-photocatalyzed selective reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline.

TiO2 particles loaded with silver nanoparticles with a mean diameter of 1.5 nm exhibit a high photocatalytic activity (84 % conversion after 1 h irradiation) for the reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline with 100 % selectivity in the presence of CH3OH (concentration=100 mM). High-resolution transmission electron microscopic studies of Pt-photodeposited Ag/TiO2 demonstrate that the Ag nanoparticles act as reduction sites in the photocatalytic reaction. Both spectroscopic measurements and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that nitrobenzene is selectively adsorbed onto the Ag surfaces of Ag/TiO2 via partial electron transfer from Ag to nitrobenzene, whereas the interaction between aniline and Ag/TiO2 is weak. The kinetic analysis indicates that the recombination between the electrons flowing into the Ag nanoparticle and the holes left in the TiO2 valence band is significantly suppressed, particularly in the presence of CH3OH. The high activity and selectivity in the present Ag/TiO2-photocatalyzed reduction are rationalized in terms of the charge separation efficiency, the selective adsorption of the reactants on the catalyst surfaces, and the restriction of the product readsorption.