基于广义Maxwell模型的轮胎橡胶动态压缩性能分析

为了定量分析轮胎胎面胶动态力学性能及能量损耗,建立了基于广义Maxwell模型的黏弹性本构关系,根据胎面胶在各个温度下恒温动态压缩时的储能模量与损耗模量的频率扫描实验数据并采用非线性回归法求解误差函数的极小值的方法,确定各个温度下的黏弹性广义Maxwell模型参数.利用ABAQUS/Standard有限元软件数值模拟胎面胶动态压缩过程,得到不同温度下胎面胶的损耗角正切随激振频率的变化规律,并与实验结果进行对比分析.结果表明,黏弹性广义Maxwell模型及其参数的获取方法可以准确地用于胎面胶动态力学性能分析.在此基础上,定量预测了在不同温度及频率下每一循环载荷周期中胎面胶的应力-应变迟滞回线以及单位体积胶料的能量损耗,分析显示随频率增大,单位体积胶料的能量损耗逐渐增大,并且随着温度降低,能量损耗增大的幅度加大.     

橡胶动态生热数值模拟与实验研究

为提高橡胶动态生热数值模拟的计算精度,基于时温等效原理给出了一种同时考虑温度和应变率来确定拉伸测试条件的方法,它可同时满足设备测试条件和制品使用工况.此外,为获得更准确的超弹性本构方程参数,采用了一种用应力松弛实验得到橡胶完全松弛状态下的一组应力来拟合黏弹性算法中超弹性部分的方法 .采用上述测试方法并借助ABAQUS软件建立橡胶圆柱的动态生热有限元模型,在考虑温度、应变率和动应变幅值对橡胶力学性能影响的基础上,本研究用基于损耗角正切和超弹性模型的生热计算方法和基于频域Prony级数的黏弹性生热计算方法分别计算了橡胶圆柱的压缩生热.结果表明,2种方法计算的温升均与压缩生热实验结果吻合较好,但黏弹性算法精度更高,预测的升温历程与实验结果吻合很好,更好地描述了橡胶滞后生热现象,从而验证了本文提出的确定材料测试条件方法的正确性.     

不同分子量可德胶水悬浮液的粘弹性研究

采用动态粘弹性测量研究了不同分子量的生物大分子可德胶 (Curdlan)水悬浮液 (ASC)的流变学特性 .室温下观察到ASC具有弹性 (Solid like)行为 ,储能模量G′在测量范围内轻微依赖频率 ,而损耗模量G″和损耗角正切tanδ存在最小值 .ASC粘弹性随可德胶分子量和浓度的增加而增强 .ASC的流动特性符合Herschel Bulkley模型 ;其弹性行为可以通过渗流理论的标度弹性模型来描述 .网络结构是由于可德胶颗粒聚集或絮凝而形成的 ,当可德胶含量超过临界浓度cs=0 3 %时 ,弹性模量G′与可德胶浓度存在标度关系G′=Goεt,其中标度指数t=2 5 4.     

聚乙烯交联过程结构演化的流变学研究

采用耐压等级分别为35kV及110kV的两种不同商业化可交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆料为研究模型,考察其化学交联过程中结构演化与线性黏弹响应的关系.研究结果表明,流变学方法可敏感表征较低温度、较长时间下XLPE交联过程的结构演化.随着交联温度的升高,体系预交联时间缩短,而黏弹特性的变化速率不变;交联导致体系弹性和黏性均增加,但弹性增加幅度远大于黏性增加幅度.比较两种样品交联过程的流变行为,发现随着交联反应的进行,两者的黏性增长速率基本一致,但35kV电缆料样品的弹性增长略大.采用低频率区域(频率末端区)的动态储能模量(G′),计算体系交联点之间的平均分子量(Mc),以表征样品的交联密度.同时用常规的溶胀平衡法研究了两种电缆料Mc与交联时间的依赖关系.     

冷冻/解冻制备的聚乙烯醇水凝胶的结构和流变性研究

研究了冷冻/解冻法制备的不同浓度(5wt%～25wt%)聚乙烯醇(PVA)水凝胶的结构和流变行为之间的关系.由XRD确定了凝胶中PVA的结晶度和晶粒尺寸.用应力流变仪研究了凝胶的流变行为,包括动态模量和蠕变等.在频率为1Hz和低应力的条件下,测量了凝胶的储能模量和损耗模量.在该试验条件下,PVA水凝胶的形变是完全可以回复的.低频率区和低应变区的储能模量随浓度增加而变大,但当浓度超过20wt%时,储能模量增加速率明显降低.由PVA水凝胶在1Hz时的储能模量和结晶度的数据,理论分析得到了形成PVA水凝胶的最低PVA浓度和最小结晶度.当PVA浓度低于15wt%时,储能模量主要由PVA的微晶控制,分子链间的氢键影响很小.通过低应变区储能模量的数值计算出了凝胶网孔尺寸的结构参数.同时对不同温度下PVA水凝胶的储能模量数据进行了标度分析.PVA水凝胶的蠕变行为显示,随浓度提高,凝胶的蠕变黏弹性由线性向非线性转变.     

二甲基亚砜和乙醇混合溶液等效介电常数特性研究

在2.45GHz测量二甲基亚砜(DMSO)和乙醇混合溶液在258~293K的等效介电常数,发现DMSO与乙醇体积比为85∶15时,介电常数实部ε'随温度没有明显变化规律;体积比为15∶85时,损耗角正切tanδ随温度几乎不发生变化的有趣现象。     

C12NBr对黄原胶/Cr(Ⅲ)凝胶体系黏弹性的影响

以三价铬离子(Cr3+, Cr(Ⅲ))为交联剂制备的黄原酸(XC)凝胶在油田开发过程中具有许多应用,应用RS 75型流变仪测定了含有和不含有阳离子表面活性剂C12NBr (十二烷基-氧丙基-β-羟基-三甲基溴化铵)时凝胶体系黏弹性的变化规律.结果表明, XC凝胶体系不符合理想的线性黏弹性模型,储能模量(G′)和耗能模量(G″)在切力较低时变化甚微,切力较高时两者皆降低,但降低的幅度不同,因而G′～τ(应力)和G″～τ曲线出现交点,此交点随C12NBr浓度增大而降低.结合等温线的研究表明, C12NBr能结合到XC分子上,破坏凝胶的网络结构.然而,在一定条件下其复合粘度(η*)随频率和切力的变化出现最低值现象的机理还有待进一步探讨.     

钒酸铈陶瓷的介电性质研究

钒酸铈(CeVO_4)是轻稀土钒酸盐的一种。文献对它的磁性能和晶场效应在室温以下的温度范围作了广泛的研究。本文作者在室温至550℃的温度范围,测量了CeVO_4的电阻R和介电常数ε的温度特性。在室温下,从10Hz～550MHz的频率范围测量了介电常数和损耗角正切值tgδ的频率特性,并讨论了测量结果。     

汽车用聚氨酯减振材料的结构与性能

利用扫描电镜(SEM)对减振材料的微孔结构进行了表征;用万能材料试验机(UMTM)、动态热机械分析仪(DMA)、旋转流变仪表征了减振材料在不同条件下的力学及减振性能.研究发现:不同聚氨酯减振材料进入非线性形变区域的压缩形变大小与微孔的面积占有率相关.我们认为聚氨酯泡沫减振材料在小压缩应变下应力的缓慢增加主要是由微孔的变形引起的,随着压缩应变进一步增加,微孔的变形接近极限,此时应力的快速增加主要由聚氨酯本体的力学性能决定.聚氨酯减振材料的损耗能随着压缩应变的增加而增加,减振性能好的材料具有较大的损耗能.聚氨酯减振材料的损耗角随着压缩频率的增加而略有增加,其影响减振材料在不同使用频率下的减振和产热性能.聚氨酯减振材料的损耗角随着温度的变化而发生变化,耐寒性和耐热性好的材料,损耗角随温度平缓变化的温度范围更宽.当减振材料受到一定的负载后,材料的损耗角降低.     

关于超高分子量聚丙烯超拉伸膜的结构性能的研究——Ⅱ.形态结构变化对力学性能的影响

用X-射线衍射、动态力学测定等手段研究了不同拉伸倍数的超高分子量聚丙烯薄膜的力学性能的变化.以X-射线衍射法并基于串联力学模型的假设得到的各样品的表观晶区模量E_c~(app)约为34-38GPa.样品模量E_b随拉伸倍数增加而逐渐增大,其变化趋势与非晶区取向因子的变化相类似,说明非晶区取向是左右样品模量的重要因素.室温下,69倍拉伸样品的模量为27GPa,约为表观结晶模量的3/4,且其值在-150-160℃的温度范围内没有急剧变化,说明超拉伸明显改善了材料的力学性能及热稳定性.在各拉伸样品中,考虑伸直链结晶生成的可能性,利用并串联力学模型对伸直链结晶的体积分数做了估算,并对X-射线衍射法所得表观结晶模量进行了修正,认为室温下聚丙烯的真正晶区模量约为47GPa.     

The effect of fiber orientation and stacking sequence on carbon/E-glass/epoxy intraply hybrid composites under dynamic loading conditions

This study investigated the dynamic mechanical properties of hybrid intraply carbon/E-glass epoxy composites with different orientations and stacking sequences under different loading conditions with increasing temperature. A neat epoxy and five various hybrid composites such as Carbon (0°)/E-glass (90°), Carbon (45°)/E-glass (135°), Carbon (90°)/E-glass (0°), Carbon/E-glass (alternating layer), and Carbon/E-glass (alternating layer 45°) were manufactured. Three-point bending test and dynamic mechanical test were conducted to understand the flexural modulus and viscoelastic behavior (storage modulus, loss modulus, and loss tangent) of the composites. Dynamic mechanical test was performed with the dual cantilever method, at four different frequencies (1, 5, 10, and 20 Hz) and temperatures ranging from 30 to 150°C. The experimental results of storage modulus, loss modulus, and loss tangents were compared with the theoretical findings of neat epoxy and various hybrid composites. The glass transition temperature (T_g) increased with the increase in frequency. A linear fit of the natural log of frequency to the inverse of absolute temperature was plotted in the activation energy estimation. The interphase damping (tanδ_i) between plies and the strength indicator (S_i) of the hybrid composites were estimated. It was observed that the neat epoxy had more insufficient storage and loss modulus and a high loss tangent at all the frequencies whereas hybrid composites had high storage and loss modulus and a low loss tangent for all the frequencies. Compared with other hybrid composites, Carbon (90°)/E-glass (0°) had higher strength and activation energy. The result of reinforcement of hybrid fiber in neat epoxy significantly increases the material's strength and stability at higher temperatures whereas decreasing free molecular movement.     

Influence of Liquid Isoprene Rubber on Strain Softening of Carbon Black Filled Isoprene Rubber Nanocomposites

The reinforcement of rubbers by nanoparticles is always accompanied with enhanced dissipation of mechanical energy upon large deformations. Methods for solving the contradiction between improving reinforcement and reducing energy dissipation for rubber nanocomposites have not been well developed. Herein carbon black(CB) filled isoprene rubber(IR)/liquid isoprene rubber(LR) blend nanocomposites with similar crosslink density(ν_e) are prepared and influence of LR on the strain softening behaviors including Payne effect under large amplitude shear deformation and Mullins effect under cyclic uniaxial deformation is investigated. The introduction of LR could improve the frequency sensitivity of loss modulus and reduce critical strain amplitude for Payne effect and loss modulus at the low amplitudes.Meanwhile, tuning ν_e and LR content allows reducing mechanical hysteresis in Mullins effect without significant impact on the mechanical performances. The investigation is illuminating for manufacturing nanocomposite vulcanizates with balanced mechanical hysteresis and reinforcement effect.     

Determination of non-linear dynamic properties of carbon-filled rubbers

A forced non-resonance test method is described for determining the dynamic mechanical properties of polymeric materials over wide ranges of strain and frequency. The use of this method for carrying out studies on carbon-filled rubbers is illustrated by results which demonstrate the variation of the dynamic shear modulus and damping factor of a tyre tread material with dynamic strain amplitude, frequency and temperature. Procedures are discussed for the analysis and presentation of such data.

Two methods are described for the determination of loss factor, and results from these are compared in order to assess the validity of phase angle measurements on non-linear materials.

Brief reference is made to dynamic testing under compressive and combined compression and shear modes of deformation. The prediction of performance under this combined loading situation from experimental data obtained in shear is demonstrated.     

Study of viscoelastic properties of white carbon black reinforced synthetic polyisoprene

The viscoelastic properties of synthetic polyisoprenes(PI) reinforced by white carbon black(WCB) have been investigated and compared with WCB reinforced natural rubber(NR), including cure characteristics, physio-mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties. Compared with NR, PI loaded with the same amount of WCB(PI/WCB) exhibited shorter scorch time and optimal cure time, indicating that WCB fillers are comparatively easier to conjugate with PI. The tensile strength and elongation at break decreased with WCB filling in both PI and NR vulcanizates. The hardness of the rubber vulcanizates increased with the WCB filling in the rubber matrix. PI/WCB blends exhibited smaller hardness data, lower tensile strength, as well as lower elongation at break and tensile stress. Increasing the amount of WCB in rubber matrix induced the Payne effect. However, the Payne effect is much more obvious for the PI/WCB system, and PI/WCB also displayed higher storage modulus whereas lower loss modulus and loss tangent than NR/WCB, which could all be attributed to the poor dispersibilities of WCB in the PI matrix.     

A new high frequency dynamic mechanical analysis system: An approach to direct high frequency testing of tire tread rubber

Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) systems are measurement devices for obtaining master curves and complex modules of viscoelastic materials, such as rubbers. The conventional DMAs measurement systems in market have several limitations, which restrict their ability for operating at high frequencies. Thus, Williams, Landel and Ferry (WLF) relation is used to produce master curves and predict the material properties at high frequencies. In conventional DMAs, experiments are done in a range of temperatures, and then a master curve is made for a chosen reference temperature by shifting the measurements data to high frequencies. Therefore, the obtained results, which are not based on direct measurements, can be inaccurate. In order to overcome this problem a new simple shear high-frequency DMA (HFDMA) system is designed and built to directly measure the dynamic mechanical properties of viscoelastic material at high frequencies and the strain levels sufficient for tire manufacturers. The new HFDMA can be used to test any viscoelastic materials which have glass transmission temperature (Tg) lower than room temperature (about 23 °C) such as the Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). The SBR is the base material for tire tread. The designing process of this new HFDMA is presented in this paper. The rubber specimen shape is chosen by taking into account the shear elastic wave effect, bending, buckling effect and heat generation in the specimen. The repeatability test is accomplished to ensure that the results obtained from the new HFDMA are repeatable and the repeatability uncertainty is about 0.04%. The new HFDMA is validated by comparing to the direct test results of conventional DMA at 100 Hz. The direct high frequency (5 kHz) complex shear modulus and damping factor are compared with the master curve of the conventional DMA developed by the use of WLF relation for SBR. This comparison revealed that the complex shear modulus and damping factor of the SBR obtained from the HFDMA at 5 kHz and 0.05% strain amplitude are about 7% and 6.5% higher than those obtained from the conventional DMA, respectively.     

Stress response and energy dissipation in a linear viscoelastic material under periodic triangular strain loading

A general equation is derived for the stress response of a linear viscoelastic material to periodic strain excitation at constant strain rates. The energy dissipated in any cycle, especially in a steady-state loop, is discussed. The results can be used to analyze test results in determining mechanical properties of polymers. A simple Maxwell model and a three-parameter Maxwell model are used to illustrate the calculation of stress response and energy dissipation under constant-strain-rate loading.     

Effects of rubber type on the curing and physical properties of silica filled rubber compounds

As environmental regulations are getting stricter, tire industries for automobiles have shown much interest in substituting silica for conventional carbon black partially or entirely. To take full advantage of silica as fillers for rubbers, it is essential to find a reasonable rubber system that shows an excellent performance with silica reinforcement. Therefore, in this study, several different rubber compounds comprising the same amount of silica were prepared with several different rubber systems, respectively. The processability, curing characteristics, and mechanical and viscoelastic properties of the rubber compounds were investigated to analyze the performance of the rubber compounds as tire tread materials. Among the rubber compounds studied, SBR1721 compound comprising natural rubber (NR) and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) with high styrene content was considered the most appropriate for application to tire tread materials. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Rheological properties of ethylene-propylene-diene elastomers

The processing of rubbers comprises a combination of complicated processes which realization almost always requires knowledge of their rheological behavior. The goal of the present work is to describe the rheological behavior of the EPDM vulcanizates via rotational rheometry. The effect of the cross-linking density and plasticizer content on the rheological behavior of the EPDM vulcanizates is described. The viscoelastic characteristics of the samples are defined from the frequency dependences of elasticity modulus G' and loss modulus G".     

A New Molecular Theory of Non‐Linear Viscoelasticity for Vitrifiable (or Crystallizable) Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomers

The molecular theory of non‐linear viscoelasticity for vitrifiable thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers (VTPUE) is a refinement and extension of viscoelastic theory of thermoplastic elastomers and polyurethanes to glassy transition, a structural model and a mechanism of vitrification for glassy polymers were proposed. Five kinds of constituent chains with Nagai chain constraint consisting of soft‐domains, hard‐domains, and entanglements are used as the elementary structural and statistical ensemble units for the correlation of molecular and phase‐domain structures to the static and dynamic mechanical behaviors. So the influences of non‐Gaussian in character, the phase separation of domain, the network topology of structure, the affined deformation of constituent chains, and the thermal history are all taken into account in the constituent chains of the theory. Free energies of deformation for the VTPUE segment copolymer were calculated by the statistical mechanics with the probability distribution functions of the sizes for the five kinds of constituent chains. Then the static constitutive equations and modulus of four types of deformation and the dynamic shear viscosity, modulus and loss tangent of VTPUE are derived from the proposed theory. The theory is successful in relating the molecular chain parameters C₁₀₀, C₀₂₀, and C₂₀₀ to the constitutive equations and modulus under large deformations and the micro‐domain structure to the complex shear viscosity and modulus and the loss tangent. The dynamic shear modulus and loss tangent of VTPUE are related to the domain structures through the fraction of hard segments (W_h), the molecular weight of soft segment (M_ns), and the growth dimensional parameters of hard and soft domains (β). Two series of linear VTPUE copolymers (ES and ET) with different fractions(W_h) of hard segments and molecular weight (M_ns) of soft segments were prepared. Their static and dynamic mechanical properties were studied by uni‐axial extension and dynamic analysis tests. Then the constitutive equation at uni‐axial extension and the expressions of shear modulus and loss tangent are verified by these experimental data, and excellent agreement between the theory and experiments is achieved. It is shown, that the proposed theory can predict the viscoelastic behavior of vitrifiable thermoplastic polyurethanes.     

Behavior of concentrated polystyrene solutions in large-amplitude oscillating shear fields

The limits of linear viscoelastic behavior of polystyrene solutions have been investigated by subjecting them to large-amplitude oscillatory strains, γ₀. At strains less than one we find that the dynamic storage modulus G′(ω,γ₀) and the dynamic loss modulus G″(ω,γ₀) decrease quadratically with increasing strain. As a measure of the size of the linear viscoelastic region, we have determined the strain at which the moduli have fallen 5% below their zero-strain values. This strain, γNL, is found to be independent of frequency ω at high frequencies but to increase with decreasing frequency at low frequencies. Behavior of this type is in qualitative agreement with the recent constitutive equation developed by Doi and Edwards. More specifically, we find that the rate of decrease of the storage modulus with increasing strain is quite similar to that predicted by their theory, but that the rate of decrease of the loss modulus is much slower. Some possible approaches for improving the agreement with experimental results are suggested. In the course of our work an interesting hydrodynamic instability was observed. The nature of this instability and methods to avoid it are discussed.