射频等离子体技术制备合成低碳醇用铜钴基催化剂

采用射频等离子体技术制备了CO加氢合成低碳醇用新型CuCo/ZrO2催化剂, 研究了等离子体气氛氮气、氢气和先氮气后氢气处理对催化剂结构和性能的影响, 并应用BET、XRD、XPS、TG和TPR技术对催化剂进行了表征. 与常规焙烧制得的样品相比, 射频等离子体技术制备的催化剂可有效抑制烃类生成, 提高总醇选择性, 大幅提高反应活性和低碳醇的时空收率. 表征结果显示, 等离子体技术使催化剂前驱体在低温下分解形成活性相, 显著提高了催化剂比表面积, 促进催化剂活性组分晶粒细化并提高其分散度, 催化剂表面的铜含量增加.     

射频等离子体对合成低碳醇用CuCoAl催化剂的改性作用

采用共浸渍法制备了CuCo/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂,应用射频等离子体技术对催化剂进行改性处理。以CO加氢合成低碳醇为模型反应对催化剂进行活性评价,通过X射线物相分析(XRD)、氢氧滴定(HOT)、CO程序升温脱附(CO-TPD)和程序升温还原(TPR)等技术对催化剂进行表征,研究了射频等离子体技术强化处理对催化剂结构、吸附性能和还原性能的影响。结果表明,等离子体技术改性处理提高了催化剂活性组分的分散度,细化了铜物种的晶粒尺寸,增加反应活性位并调变了活性位对吸附物种的吸附强度,改进了催化剂的还原性能,等离子体改性处理的催化剂比未处理的样品CO加氢反应活性和低碳醇的时空产率显著提高。     

碳纳米管促进的Co-Mo-K硫化物基催化剂用于合成气制低碳混合醇

 以自行制备的多壁碳纳米管(CNT)作为添加剂,制备共沉淀型CNT促进的Co-Mo-K硫化物基催化剂. 实验发现,与未添加CNT的催化剂相比,添加少量CNT可显著提高CO的加氢转化活性和生成低碳醇的选择性. 在5.0 MPa, 623 K, V(CO)∶V(H2)∶V(N2)=45∶45∶10, GHSV=3600 ml/(g·h)的反应条件下, Co1Mo1K0.3-10%CNT催化剂上CO的转化率达21.6%, 相应的总醇(C1～4醇)时空产率为241.5 mg/(g·h), 产物中C2+醇/C1醇=1.39 (C基选择性比). 添加少量CNT并不会导致Co1Mo1K0.3硫化物基催化剂上CO加氢反应表观活化能发生明显变化,但却导致工作态催化剂表面催化活性Mo物种(Mo4+)的摩尔百分率有所提高; 另一方面, CNT促进的催化剂对H2有更强的吸附活化能力,并能在相当大程度上抑制水煤气变换副反应的发生. 这些因素有利于提高催化剂的活性和选择性.     

预处理条件对Au/ZnO催化剂CO氧化性能的影响

采用沉积沉淀法制备了用于CO氧化的Au/ZnO催化剂, 并用程序升温还原(TPR), X射线衍射(XRD)和透射电镜(TEM)技术对催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明: 采用沉积沉淀法可制备出高度分散的Au/ZnO催化剂; 提高焙烧温度导致金颗粒聚集长大, 样品经533, 673, 773 K焙烧后金物种的颗粒尺寸分别为2.7, 3.5, 3.7 nm. 催化剂的TPR表征结果中发现部分还原态的金物种在室温就可被氧化, 催化剂预先用流动空气处理可提高其氧化还原性, 样品经多次氧化还原循环后, 其氧化循环性能没有明显下降. CO的氧化反应结果表明, 焙烧温度强烈影响催化剂对CO的氧化活性, 533 K焙烧后的催化剂活性最高. 即使在反应气中含水3.1%(体积比)的湿气条件下, 反应300 h后, CO的转化率仍然保持在95%.     

常压高频冷等离子体炬制备的CH4/CO2重整用Ni/γ-Al2O3催化剂的表征

 分别采用常规焙烧还原 (C)、常规焙烧与常压高频冷等离子体炬还原相结合 (PR), 以及常压高频冷等离子体炬直接焙烧还原 (PC&;R) 制备了 Ni/γ-Al2O3 催化剂. 通过 X 射线衍射、H2-程序升温脱附、CO2-程序升温脱附、N2 吸附-脱附实验、透射电镜和热重分析等方法对催化剂进行了表征. 并考察了其 CH4/CO2 重整反应活性. 结果表明, 催化剂经等离子体处理后低温活性明显增加. 在得到相同 CH4 和 CO2 转化率情况下, PC&;R 法制备的催化剂与常规催化剂相比, 反应所需温度可以降低 50 oC. PC&;R 催化剂上 Ni 分散度提高了 100%, Ni 粒子粒径降低了 70%, 达到 5 nm, 催化剂的抗积炭性能显著增强. 所得催化剂较高的低温活性和抗积炭性能得益于常压高频冷等离子体炬对催化剂前驱体还原速率快, 处理时间大为缩短, 避免了由于长时间高温焙烧和还原所引起的对载体的烧结和金属 Ni 的团聚.     

等离子体引入方式对强化制备二氧化碳重整甲烷反应的Ni/γ-Al2O3催化剂的影响

采用等离子体技术强化制备了Ni/γ-Al2O3催化剂, 以CO2重整CH4为模型反应考察了等离子体引入方式对催化剂性能的影响, 并采用H2-TPR, BET, CO2-TPD, XRD, CO2-TPSR, TGA及XPS技术对催化剂进行了表征. 研究结果表明, 与常规焙烧的催化剂相比, 在氢气还原过程前引入氮气等离子体处理能有效提高催化剂的低温反应活性. N2气等离子体处理使前驱体中的硝酸盐能在温和条件下分解, 并使催化剂具有较强的还原能力和较大的比表面积. 先进行N2气等离子体处理再进行H2气还原的催化剂, 其活性组分的分散度显著提高, 对CO2的吸附量也明显增加, 并且反应后催化剂上的积炭量比常规催化剂上的显著降低, 形成比较单一的碳物种.     

K改性β-Mo2C催化剂CO加氢合成低碳混合醇的研究

制备系列K改性的β-Mo2C催化剂并对其CO加氢合成低碳混合醇性能进行了考察。结果表明，K改性使β-Mo2C催化剂的CO加氢选择性发生显著变化。β-Mo2C催化剂CO加氢的产物主要为C1～C4烷烃,经K改性后β-Mo2C催化剂上产物主要为C1～C5低碳醇，其中高级醇(C2+OH)选择性可达到33.78%。通过对碱金属质量分数的考察发现，当K/Mo（原子比）为0.2时，总醇选择性达到最大值，低碳醇的时空收率达到0.12 g/（mL·h－１）。β-Mo2C催化剂上醇烃产物均符合线性Anderson-Schultz-Flory（A-S-F）分布曲线，而K改性β-Mo2C催化剂上醇产物为独特的甲醇负偏离A-S-F分布。可见，K助剂的加入有效促进了低碳醇的形成，尤其是促进了C1OH到C2OH的链增长步骤。     

还原温度对Co-La-Zr／AC催化剂合成气制高碳混合醇性能的影响

采用共浸渍法制备了Co-La-Zr/AC催化剂并考察了不同温度还原的催化剂的CO加氢催化性能. 结果表明,在3.0 MPa, 495 K, H2/CO(V/V)=2和GHSV=500 h-1 条件下,经703 K还原的催化剂, CO的转化率和醇的选择性分别为59.1%和42.0%, 其中C6～C18 的高碳醇在总醇中占到50.4%. XRD结果显示,反应后催化剂的主要物相为金属态的钴和碳化钴(Co2C). 还原温度可影响催化剂中钴的晶粒分散度和碳化钴的生成. 碳化钴的形成可能在合成气生成醇类的反应中起重要作用.     

CuZnAl/碳纤维复合材料催化合成气制备低碳醇

采用共沉淀法制备CuZnAl类水滑石,将其担载于活化碳纤维(ACFs)表面,通过焙烧还原合成功能化复合催化剂(CuZnAl/ACFs)。借助XRD、FT-IR及N2吸附-脱附等方法对该复合物进行表征,并将其应用于合成气制备低碳醇的反应中,进行活性评价。结果表明,复合催化剂中活性组分在碳纤维表面均匀分散,碳纤维表面催化剂的颗粒尺寸减小,比表面积增大。ACFs的导电性加速醇合成过程中的电子传递,促进反应进行,因而CO转化率的提高(最高可达47%)。同时,ACFs提高催化剂表面ZnO的分散度,从而促进Cu与ZnO形成金属氧化物界面。这有利于低碳醇的生成,因而使C2以上醇的选择性高达39%。     

Ni/CeO2前驱体分解方法对CO甲烷化活性的影响

CO甲烷化制备合成天然气是煤化工的重要过程之一,也是合成氨过程和燃料电池除去痕量CO的重要反应.CO甲烷化催化剂包括贵金属催化剂和镍基催化剂.其中,镍基催化剂由于具有较好的活性以及较低的成本受到广泛的重视.目前,镍基CO甲烷化催化剂仍需解决的问题是提高低温活性以及抗积碳性能.目前的改进方法主要包括:(1)控制催化剂尺寸;(2)控制催化剂结构;(3)提高Ni-载体的相互作用;(4)使用结构可控的载体;(5)改进载体性质.其中,通过控制催化剂尺寸来控制催化剂结构是一种有效的改进方式.使用冷等离子体来分解镍前驱体是一种快速有效的制备尺寸小、分散度好的镍基催化剂的方法.本文使用常压介质阻挡放电等离子体(150°C左右)分解硝酸镍前驱体,得到的催化剂再经过500°C氢气还原得到高分散Ni/CeO_2催化剂.作为对比,同时采用常规热焙烧方法分解硝酸镍制备了催化剂.对催化剂进行了X射线衍射(XRD)、CO脉冲化学吸附、CO程序升温脱附(CO-TPD)、CO红外漫反射光谱(CO-DFTIR)及X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等分析,同时进行了CO甲烷化反应活性和300°C下稳定性测试,发现等离子体分解制备得到的催化剂具有更好的CO低温甲烷化性能、更高的CH_4选择性、更好的低温稳定性和抗积碳性能.在250°C时,等离子体分解法制备的催化剂上的CO转化率能达到96.8%,CH_4选择性接近100%,但是热焙烧分解制备的催化剂上却只有14.7%的CO转化率.在低温(300°C)稳定性测试中,等离子体分解制备的催化剂具有优异的稳定性.与常规热焙烧方法得到的催化剂相比,等离子体制备得到的催化剂具有高的Ni分散度、更高的CO吸附性能以及更强的金属-载体相互作用.由于金属-载体相互作用被加强,部分电子由载体转移到金属Ni上,增强了金属与CO反键π轨道之间的电子密度, C–O键更易断裂,有利于甲烷化的发生.此外, XPS分析表明等离子体制备的催化剂表面有更多的Ce~(3+),证明了更多氧空位的存在.在Ni-载体界面上CO的O原子更容易被CeO_2的氧空位捕获而解离.更高的分散度提供了更多的Ni比表面积,也有利于加氢过程的进行,从而提高甲烷化活性.CO甲烷化稳定性测试之后催化剂的TG-DSC表征结果表明,等离子体分解制备的催化剂具有更少的积碳及更多的活性镍组分,同时催化剂上积碳的氧化温度更低,表明积碳具有更好的反应活性.综上所述,等离子体低温分解制备的Ni/CeO_2表现出了更大的比表面积、更高的Ni分散度、增强的CO吸附性能和更多的氧空位,促进了CO甲烷化活性的提高.与文献数据相比,该催化剂具有更高的CO转化速率.     

Surface Area Study of High Area Cobalt Aluminate Particles Prepared by the Sol-Gel Method

Cobalt aluminate particles were prepared by the sol-gel method, starting from aluminum sec-butoxide and cobalt salts with a Co:Al ratio of 1:3. Samples with the same composition were also prepared by the citrate-gel method from cobalt and aluminum nitrates and citric acid. The particles were calcined to temperatures between 400 and 1000°C, for the formation of the mixed oxide having spinel structure. The surface properties of the different samples (BET surface area and pore size distribution) were measured. The highest BET surface area obtained (about 339 m²/g) corresponds to a sample prepared by cobalt acetate and aluminum sec-butoxide, calcined at 400°C. The surface area of the sample is reduced progressively as the sample is calcined to higher temperatures (to about 65 m²/g at 1000°C). Narrow pore size distributions were observed with average pore radius ranging from 17–20 Å, for samples heated to 400°C, to about 55–65 Å, for samples heated to 1000°C. The different surface areas and porosities obtained for particles prepared by different methods, different precursors or calcination temperatures, are discussed.     

Co-K-Mo/γ-Al2O3催化剂的合成低碳醇性能及其结构研究

氧化态Ｋ－ＭｏＯ３／γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂中添加Ｃｏ（ＮＯ３）２后在空气中四个不同温度下焙烧再硫化,制得Ｃｏ－Ｋ－ＭｏＯ３／γＡｌ２Ｏ３催化剂,对其ＣＯ加氢合成低碳醇的催化反应性能进行了评价,运用ＸＲＤ,ＬＲＳ及ＥＸＡＦＳ等手段对催化剂及其氧化态前躯体的结构进行了表征,活性测试结果表明加Ｃｏ后于５００－６５０℃焙烧制得的催化剂活性较高,且使Ｃ２＋醇比例增加,结构分析结果显示加Ｃｏ后３５０℃焙烧时,Ｃ     

Solid-State Hydrogen-Generating Composites Based on Sodium Borohydride: Effect of the Heat Treatment of Boron–Cobalt Catalysts on the Hydrogen Generation Rate

Calcined boron–cobalt catalysts prepared by reduction of cobalt chloride in an aqueous sodium borohydride solution can be successfully used as components of pelletized solid-state hydrogen-generating composites based on sodium borohydride. Morphological changes and phase and chemical transformations occurring in the catalysts with an increase in the calcination temperature were studied. The catalyst performance in hydrolysis of sodium borohydride was determined. The hydrogen generation rate depends on the specific surface area of the calcined sample.     

Plasma assisted preparation of cobalt catalysts by sol–gel method for methane combustion

Novel cobalt catalysts were prepared by sol–gel method, and enhanced by plasma treatment, for methane catalytic combustion. These samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelactron spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal gravimetrical analysis, N₂ Adsorption–desorption, temperature-programmed reduction and hydrogen–oxygen titration technologies. The XPS characterizations suggested that plasma treatment was favorable for the enrichment of surface cobalt, with a value of surface cobalt from 2.2% to 8.5% in mole. The specific surface area of the glow plasma assised sample (Co-Plas-Solgel-2) increased to 320 m²/g comparing with 305 m²/g of the conventional sample (Co-Solgel-1). The ignition temperature (T_10%) of Co-Plas-Solgel-2 catalyst was about 50 °C lower than that of Co-Solgel-1, and its CH₄ conversion was two times higher than that of Co-Solgel-1 during the whole range of catalytic combustion activity test (340–520 °C). With a better dispersion and more active sites, the plasma assisted sample exhibited significant enhancement in catalytic performances.     

Cobalt sorption in silica-pillared clays

Silicon pillared samples were prepared following conventional and microwave irradiation methods. The samples were characterized and tested in cobalt sorption. Ethylenediammine was added before cobalt addition to improve the amount of cobalt retained. The amount of cobalt introduced in the original clay in the presence of ethylenediammine was the highest. In calcined pillared clays the cobalt retention with ethylenediammine was lower (ca. 40%). In all cases the presence of ethylenediammine increased twice the amount of cobalt sorption measured for aqueous solutions.     

The Effect of Preliminary Treatment on the Catalytic Activity of Cobalt–Silica Gel Catalysts in the Complete Oxidation of Methane

The effect of temperature in multiple oxidative–reductive treatments on the activity of cobalt–silica gel catalysts in the complete oxidation of methane is studied. A decrease in the temperature of oxidative–reductive treatments from 500°C to 300°C results in an irreversible decrease in the activity of samples prepared by the impregnation of SiO₂with cobalt nitrate. A sample prepared from cobalt acetate and calcined at 500°C shows a lower activity, which was close to the activity of samples prepared from nitrates and calcined at 300°C.     

Synthesis of SWNTs over nanoporous Co-Mo/MgO and using as a catalyst support for selective hydrogenation of syngas to hydrocarbon

Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with high surface area were synthesized over nanoporous Co-Mo/MgO by a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. The SWNTs were used as catalyst support for selective hydrogenation of syngas to hydrocarbons. Here an extensive study of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) on CNT-supported cobalt catalysts with different amounts of cobalt loading up to 40 wt% is reported. The catalysts were characterized by different methods including N2 adsorption-desorption, X-ray diffraction, hydrogen chemisorption, inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and temperature-programmed reduction. Enhancement of the reducibility of Co3O4 to CoO, CoO to Coo and small cobalt oxide particles, dispersion of the cobalt, and activity and selectivity of FTS were investigated and compared with a conventional support. The CNT supported catalysts achieve a high dispersion and high loading of the active metal, cobalt in particular, so that the bulk formation of cobalt metal, which tends to occur in conventional support, can be avoided. The results showed that the specific activity of CNT supported catalysts increase significantly (there is a two fold increase in CO Conversion per gram of the active metal) with respect to the conventional supported catalyst.     

Syntheis of SWNTs over Co-Mo/MgO Nanoporous and using as a catalyst support for selective hydrogenation of syn gas to hydrocarbon

Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with high surface area were synthesized over nanoporous Co-Mo/MgO by a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. The SWNTs were used as catalyst support for selective hydrogenation of syngas to hydrocarbons. Here an extensive study of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) on CNT-supported cobalt catalysts with different amounts of cobalt loading up to 40 wt% is reported. The catalysts were characterized by different methods including N2 adsorption-desorption, X-ray diffraction, hydrogen chemisorption, inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and temperature-programmed reduction. Enhancement of the reducibility of Co3O4 to CoO, CoO to Coo and small cobalt oxide particles, dispersion of the cobalt, and activity and selectivity of FTS were investigated and compared with a conventional support. The CNT supported catalysts achieve a high dispersion and high loading of the active metal, cobalt in particular, so that the bulk formation of cobalt metal, which tends to occur in conventional support, can be avoided. The results showed that the specific activity of CNT supported catalysts increase significantly (there is a two fold increase in CO Conversion per gram of the active metal) with respect to the conventional supported catalyst.     

铜钴尖晶石复合氧化物催化剂的组成对二甲苯完全氧化反应催化性能的影响

具有特定结构的复合氧化物,如ABO3,A2BO4及AB2O4等对某些反应比单一氧化物具有更好的催化性能[1,2]. 然而,有关尖晶石型复合氧化物AB2O4对有机物燃烧反应催化性能的研究相对较少,且常用的模型反应大都是一氧化碳或甲烷的催化氧化反应[3]. 超微粒子由于具有大的比表面积和高的表面能等特性,在催化领域已日益引起人们的重视[4]. 低温固相合成是近十几年发展起来的一种新的超细粒子制备方法[5]; 它具有不使用溶剂,无废液排放,工艺过程简单,能耗低等优点,属于对环境友好的“绿色化学”. 目前,此法在合成多组分复合氧化物及催化化学中的应用仍不多见. 本文以含有结晶水的醋酸铜和醋酸钴为原料,采用低温固相合成法制备了单组分氧化铜和氧化钴,以及三种不同铜钴比的铜钴尖晶石型复合氧化物,并以二甲苯氧化为模型反应,采用XRD,BET及程序升温还原(TPR)等手段进行了研究.