负载铱催化剂选择性催化间二硝基苯制间硝基苯胺

用浸渍法制备的负载铱催化剂催化间二硝基苯部分加氢制间硝基苯胺,考察了温度对反应的影响和催化剂循环实验,结果表明,催化剂活性在90℃最佳;间硝基苯胺选择性随温度升高而增加.以甲醇作溶剂,在n(substrate) /n(Ir) =5000, 90℃, 0.8 MPa条件下,反应1 h,间二硝基苯转化率100%,间硝基苯胺选择性96.3%,全部加氢产物间苯二胺很少生成.催化剂经3次循环,活性下降不明显,在第6次循环时延长反应时间至2.5 h,间二硝基苯转化率和间硝基苯胺选择性均能达到100%.催化机理有待进一步研究.     

硒催化下CO/H2O还原硝基苯制苯胺

 采用硒作催化剂，不使用任何助催化剂，用CO／H2O对硝基苯进行还原得到了苯胺．考察了反应时间、CO压力、反应温度、水量、硒粉用量和溶剂等因素对反应的影响．以四氢呋喃作溶剂，在n（H2O）／n（PhNO2）＝10，n（Se）／n（PhNO2）＝0．02，p（CO）＝4MPa，θ＝160℃，t＝3h时，硝基苯转化率可达到98．2％，生成苯胺的选择性为100％．     

硝基苯异氰酸酯的制备及模拟计算

通过构型优化、热力学分析、电荷分布分析等计算,从理论上确定了硝基取代苯胺进行异氰化反应的容易程度为间硝基苯胺对硝基苯胺邻硝基苯胺.在此基础上对以固体光气与邻、间、对硝基苯胺为原料分别合成邻、间、对硝基苯基异氰酸酯的工艺进行了研究.结果表明,以乙酸乙酯作为反应溶剂,合成邻、间硝基苯基单异氰酸酯的最佳反应时间为6h,合成对硝基苯基单异氰酸酯的最佳反应时间5h,邻硝基苯胺、对硝基苯胺与固体光气的最佳物质的量比均为2∶1,间硝基苯胺与固体光气的最佳物质的量比为2.2∶1.在上述反应条件下,邻、间、对硝基苯基单异氰酸酯的收率分别达75.5%,76.9%和77.1%,纯度分别达99.6%,99.16%和85.7%,实验结果与理论推断基本相符.     

采用BP神经网络优化间二硝基苯催化加氢的反应条件

 采用BP神经网络对间二硝基苯液相催化加氢制备间苯二胺的反应条件进行优化. 首先利用均匀设计的实验结果,采用LM算法对BP神经网络进行训练. 再利用训练好的BP神经网络对各种实验因素水平组合条件下间二硝基苯的转化率和间苯二胺的收率进行预测. 结果表明,采用苯作溶剂时,间二硝基苯的转化率较高; 采用乙醇作溶剂时,间苯二胺的收率较高; 当采用乙醇为溶剂,催化剂用量为20%,反应温度和压力分别为365 K和2.9 MPa时反应效果较好,间苯二胺的收率高达95.8%. 进一步的实验验证表明,用神经网络模型模拟的结果与实验结果基本吻合.     

硒催化CO/H2O还原1-硝基萘制1-萘胺

 以具有反应控制相转移特点和可回收再利用的硒为催化剂,以CO/H2O为还原剂,在常压条件下还原1-硝基萘制1-萘胺,考察了不同溶剂和碱对反应的影响. 结果表明,在极性非质子溶剂如二甲基甲酰胺中,以氢氧化钠为助催化剂时1-硝基萘可定量还原为1-萘胺.     

4,4'-二氨基三苯胺的合成与纯化

以苯胺和对硝基氯苯为原料,K2CO3作催化剂,合成出了中间产物4,4'-二硝基三苯胺(DNTPA).将中间产物用10%(质量分数)的Pd/C催化剂加氢催化还原,得到纯度为96.6%的目标产物4,4'-二氨基三苯胺(DATPA),合成总产率为38%.与其它方法相比,该方法原料便宜易得,纯度很高,产物可作为反应的单体原料.     

硒催化4-氨基吡啶与硝基芳烃羰基化合成4-吡啶基脲

以非金属硒为催化剂,三乙胺为助催化剂,用CO替代剧毒光气作为羰基化试剂,通过鼓泡方式经硒催化"一锅煮"的4-氨基吡啶与硝基芳烃的氧化还原羰基化反应合成4-吡啶基脲.通过探究反应温度、反应时间、溶剂及碱的种类等因素的影响,获得了反应的优化条件.在优化条件的基础上,以中等到良好的收率制得4-吡啶基脲类化合物,反应底物硝基芳烃的普遍适用性较好;还提出了该反应的可能机理.     

压缩CO2中Co-N-C催化3-硝基苯乙烯选择性加氢反应动力学及相行为

对于苯环上含有各种可还原基团(如–C=C,–CN,–C≡C)的硝基芳烃,通过选择性加氢来制备芳香胺类化合物依然充满挑战.负载型纳米催化剂通常存在过度加氢的缺陷,虽然通过覆盖部分金属位点等方法可改善其选择性,但多是以牺牲催化活性为代价.得益于较高的原子利用率以及孤立的活性位结构,单原子催化剂在硝基芳烃选择性加氢反应中崭露头角.例如Pt1/FeOx单原子催化剂在3-硝基苯乙烯加氢反应中对目标产物的选择性高于99％,且转化频率(TOF)是Pt纳米催化剂的20倍以上.然而,已报道的单原子催化体系中,活性组分多为Pt族贵金属,且以有机溶剂为反应介质,不符合绿色化学理念.本文以环境友好型溶剂——压缩CO2为反应介质,以氮掺杂碳负载非贵金属Co单原子(Co-N-C)为催化剂,实现了3-硝基苯乙烯的选择性加氢,且反应体系中无任何有机溶剂和助剂.在温和(60 oC,3 MPa H2(RT),总压8.1 MPa)的反应条件下,3-硝基苯乙烯可完全转化,目标产物3-乙烯基苯胺的选择性达到>99％,且产物可通过简单卸压直接分离.Co-N-C单原子催化剂表现出较高的稳定性,循环使用4次以后活性并无明显降低.HAADF-STEM表征发现反应后的催化剂中,Co仍然呈单原子分散.研究发现,通过改变CO2压力(即CO2相行为)可调变H2在其中的溶解度以及在加氢反应中的反应级数,进而调变反应速率.通常认为,催化活性会随CO2压力增大呈线性增加,而本文中转化率却随CO2压力增加呈现"倒V型"曲线关系,即当体系总压为8.1 MPa(PCO2=5.0 MPa)时,转化率达到最大值(100％),而升高或降低CO2压力均会显著降低催化活性.为解释"倒V型"曲线的成因,通过含可视窗的高压釜研究了3-硝基苯乙烯/CO2/H2三元体系的相行为.发现当总压为13.4 MPa时,体系为均匀的一相(即3-硝基苯乙烯完全溶解在CO2中);而当总压为8.1 MPa时,却形成了气-液两相.用激光笔照射高压釜上部的气相时,出现了明显的丁达尔现象,说明其中溶解有少量的3-硝基苯乙烯,呈胶体分散;底部为CO2膨胀的3-硝基苯乙烯液相,且该膨胀行为通过硝基苯-CO2二元相行为研究得到证实(即在一定CO2压力下,6 mL硝基苯可被CO2膨胀至充满整个高压釜(容积为29.3 mL)).动力学研究发现,在不含CO2以及总压为11.2 MPa时,H2的反应级数为～0.5;而当总压为8.1 MPa(CO2压力为5.0 MPa)时,H2的级数降为0,说明该压力下H2的溶解度显著增加.通过Peng-Robinson方程计算了不同CO2压力下H2的溶解度,发现H2溶解度与CO2压力也呈"倒V型"曲线关系,且最高点对应的CO2压力与上述转化率-PCO2曲线一致.因此,当总压为8.1 MPa,CO2分压为5.0 MPa时形成了CO2膨胀的3-硝基苯乙烯液体,溶解入该膨胀液体的CO2促进了H2的溶解,进而使H2的反应级数降为0,从而促进了加氢反应的进行.综上,本文以压缩CO2为溶剂,以非贵金属基Co-N-C为催化剂,发展了一种3-硝基苯乙烯绿色选择性加氢途径.同时发现,改变CO2压力可调变反应体系的相行为及反应动力学行为,进而调变催化性能.该研究结果可为调变压缩CO2介质中进行的其它催化转化反应性能提供借鉴.     

硒催化3,4-二氯苯胺和甲醇氧化羰基化合成灭草灵

报道了一种绿色、简易的合成灭草灵的方法,首次以廉价易得且能循环使用的非金属硒作催化剂,以CO替代剧毒光气作羰基化试剂,通过3,4-二氯苯胺和甲醇经"一锅法"的硒催化氧化羰基化反应来直接合成灭草灵。考察了压力、3,4-二氯苯胺和甲醇用量比、催化剂硒粉用量、溶剂种类、时间、温度及助催化剂种类对反应的影响规律,获得了实施该反应的较优条件。即,在100 mL高压反应釜中:压力3 MPa(n(CO)∶n(O2)=9∶1),3,4-二氯苯胺5 mmol,CH3OH 75 mmol,Se 0.25 mmol,乙酸乙酯10 mL,时间5 h,温度130℃,三乙胺10 mmol。在此条件下,目标产物灭草灵的收率为67%。该方法具有步骤简短、方法绿色和操作方便等优点。     

漆原镍催化剂用于硝基化合物催化加氢

采用锌粉还原氯化镍制备了漆原镍催化剂,并将其用于催化间二硝基苯加氢制间苯二胺和2,5-二氯硝基苯加氢制2,5-二氯苯胺反应.运用X射线衍射、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱和透射电子显微镜等技术对催化剂进行了表征.考察了锌粉、展开剂和制备温度对催化剂活性的影响,以及压力、溶剂等对加氢反应速率的影响,确定了适宜的催化剂制备条件.结果表明,在间二硝基苯和2,5-二氯硝基苯加氢反应中,漆原镍催化剂表现出很高的活性和选择性,在乙醇溶剂中加入适量的水能够大大提高反应速率,适量的脱氯抑制剂能够有效加快2,5-二氯硝基苯加氢速率并提高2,5-二氯苯胺选择性.漆原镍催化剂重复使用5次后其性能基本保持不变.     

A carbanion induced synthesis of highly congested pyrazole and imidazole containing heterocycles

An efficient approach to the synthesis of highly congested di, penta and hexacyclic pyrazoles as well as imidazole fragment containing novel heterocyclic molecule has been developed through a carbanion induced transformation of suitably functionalized 2H-pyran-2-ones, benzo[h]chromene and thiochromeno[4,3-b]pyrans. Due to the presence of fluorescence, we report their prime application metal sensor as off/on switching in ferric ions.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

Selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo- and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines via modified Pictet–Spengler reaction

An efficient tandem approach for the selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 6a–g and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 7a–h by the reaction of 2-imidazolyl anilines 4a–c with aryl aldehydes 5a–k under mild reaction conditions is described. Introduction of electron releasing alkyl groups in substrates 4a–b was found to be instrumental for the success of the reaction.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Understanding the Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-azaborine analogues

The Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-heteroborines (H₄C₄B(H)X, X?=?NH, PH, AsH; O, S, Se) has been computationally explored by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The influence of the HB?=?X fragment on the reactivity of the system has been quantitatively analyzed in detail by means of the so-called Activation Strain Model (ASM) of reactivity. It is found that the interaction between these species and the dienophile is significantly stronger than that computed for their all-carbon isoelectronic counterpart, benzene. In addition, the strain energy plays a key role in the observed reactivity trends. The role of the aromaticity strength of these heteroarenes on the reactivity is also assessed.     

Synthesis of N-substituted carbazolones from α-iodo enaminones via Pd(0)-catalyzed intramolecular coupling under microwave irradiation

A variety of N-aryl and N-alkyl carbazolones were conveniently achieved in good to high yields via Pd₂(dba)₃-mediated intramolecular coupling of N-substituted α-iodo enaminones under microwave irradiation. The Pd(0)-catalyzed cyclization was found to proceed favorably with the more electron-deficient phenyl ring during the reactions involving unsymmetrical N,N-diaryl α-iodo enaminones. This unique property enables the construction of carbazolone skeleton containing nitro substituted benzenoid ring.     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Synthesis of substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles by intramolecular nitrilimine cycloaddition

Both substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles have been synthesized by the 3+2 intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition of nitrilimines to alkynes. This cyclization has been extended to more versatile 3-bromo derivatives by the use of alkynylbromides as dipolarophiles.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.